Performance Analysis of a Planar Inverted-F Antenna (PIFA) including Human Interaction Md. Ashikur Rahman, Amit Thakur, Md. Osman Goni Khulna University of Engineering andTechnology Khulna,Bangladesh ashik_ece_kuet@yahoo.com, amit_kuet2k8@yahoo.com, osmanhku@gmail.com Abstract—In the rapid progress of commercial communication applications the development of small integrated antenna has an important role. Planar inverted-F antennas (PIFAs) are commonly used as handset antennas. This paper presents the analysis on the performance of single band PIFA antenna for handsets. Different specifications of the proposed antenna are measured through computer simulation in free space as well as in the presence of human head model. The Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) is also measured for this antenna and how the antenna interacts with human body that is also observed. All simulation results are performed using the CST Microwave Studio. Keywords-PIFA; CST Microwave Studio; SAM phantom; SAR; I. INTRODUCTION Now-a-days, it is a great consideration of human body interaction with antennas in cellular mobile communication. Voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR), gain and radiation patterns of the antenna of a handset are influenced by the user. Unlimited electromagnetic energy can cause a serious health hazard when tissues are exposed. In this case, specific absorption rate (SAR) has been termed by standard organizations to set exposure limits [1, 2]. The separation distance between the antenna and user head has an effect and that has been studied for a dual band PIFA handset antenna [3]. The study of separation distance between antenna and user head reveals that there is a proportional relation between SAR and antenna efficiency. The head loss for twenty different mobile phones has been measured with external and built-in antennas [4]. Comparison of these results yields that the handsets with built-in antennas are much less sensitive to how the phone is held than the handsets with external antennas. The patch antenna produces the lowest SAR in the head tissues than monopole and helix antennas operated at 1.8 GHz [5].Multiband fractal planar inverted F antenna (F-PIFA) is designed and its performance is analyzed for mobile phone application [6]. PIFAs are conducting plates called radiating patches. They are parallel to a ground and are connected to ground. As the integration of personal communication devices are progressing at a great speed, the necessity of the PIFAs like small integrated antennas is increasing. II. METHODOLOGY A. CST Microwave Studio CST Microwave Studio™ (CST MWS) is a specialist tool for the 3DEM simulation of high frequency components. It enables the fast and accurate analysis of high frequency (HF) devices such as antennas [7]. B. Planar Inverted-F Antenna (PIFA) The Planar Inverted-F Antenna (PIFA) is increasingly used in the mobile phone market. It typically has good SAR properties. This antenna resembles an inverted F, which explains the PIFA name. The Planar Inverted-F antenna is popular because it has a low profile and a directional pattern. C. S-Parameters In antenna designing s-parameter is an important parameter. It is also called scattering parameter. S-parameters describe the input-output relationship between ports (or terminals) in an electrical system. For instance, if we have two ports (intelligently called port 1 and port 2), then  ଵଶ represents the power transferred from port 2 to port 1.  ଶଵ represents the power transferred from port 1 to port 2. D. Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) The electromagnetic fields caused by currents on antenna surface and edges, propagates where the head and hand of user is nearby. As a result, cell polarization in human body happens due to heat induced in close body parts. Such exposure, if not controlled, can damage user health. This power absorbed by user is measured by a parameter called specific absorption rate, SAR, and is defined as the following equation. ܣൌσ |ா ೟ | మ ఘ ൌ ௃ మ ఙఘ (1) At which point SAR is in (W/kg). Also σ is the conductivity and ρ is the mass density, E t is the total amplitude of electrical field in root mean square. An average integral is used locally over a mass block to transfer from point SAR to average SAR. 978-1-4799-0400-6/13/$31.00 ©2013 IEEE