Gastroprotective potential of Buddleja scordioides Kunth Scrophulariaceae infusions; effects into the modulation of antioxidant enzymes and inflammation markers in an in vivo model J.O. Díaz-Rivas a , E. Herrera-Carrera a , J.A. Gallegos-Infante a,n , N.E. Rocha-Guzmán a,n , R.F. González-Laredo a , M.R. Moreno-Jiménez a , M. Ramos-Gómez b , R. Reynoso-Camacho b , M. Larrosa-Pérez c , M.A. Gallegos-Corona d a InstitutoTecnológico de Durango, Blvd. Felipe Pescador 1830 Ote., Col. Nueva Vizcaya, C.P. 34080 Durango, Durango, México b Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Querétaro, Facultad de Química., C.U., Cerro de las Campanas, C.P. 76010 Querétaro, Querétaro, México c Universidad Europea de Madrid, Calle Tajo, s/n, Villaviciosa de Odón, 28670 Madrid, España d Laboratorio de Histopatología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Clavel 200, Col. Prados de la Capilla, Querétaro 76017, México article info Article history: Received 27 September 2014 Received in revised form 16 April 2015 Accepted 16 April 2015 Available online 24 April 2015 Keywords: Buddleja scordioides Indomethacin Inflammation Gastric damage NSAIDs abstract Ethnopharmacological relevance: A common plant used to treat several gastric disorders is Buddleja scordioides Kunth, commonly known as salvilla. Aim of the study: To detect inflammatory markers, in order to evaluate the gastroprotective potential of salvilla infusions, as this could have beneficial impact on the population exposed to gastric ulcers and colitis. Materials and methods: The present work attempted infusions were prepared with B. scordioides (1% w/ w) lyophilized and stored. Total phenolic content and GC–MS analysis were performed. Wistar rats were divided into five groups (n ¼8), a negative vehicle control, an indomethacin group, and three experimental groups, named preventive, curative, and suppressive. All rats were sacrificed under deep ether anesthesia (6 h) after the last oral administration of indomethacin/infusion. The rat stomachs were promptly excised, weighed, and chilled in ice-cold and 0.9% NaCl. Histological analysis, nitrites quantification and immunodetection assays were done. Results: B. scordioides infusions markedly reduced the visible hemorrhagic lesions induced by indo- methacin in rat stomachs, also showed down-regulation of COX2, IL-8 and TNFα and up-regulation of COX-1 with a moderate down-regulation of NFkB and lower amount of nitrites. However, this behavior was dependent on the treatment, showing most down-regulation of COX-2, TNFα and IL-8 in the curative treatment; more down-regulation of NF-kB in the preventive treatment; and more up-regulation of COX- 1 for the suppressor and preventive treatments. Conclusion: The anti-inflammatory potential of B. scordioides infusions could be related with the presence of polyphenols as quercetin in the infusion and how this one is consumed. & 2015 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction Gastric ulcer is a recurrent chronic illness that affects approxi- mately 10% of the world population (Zapata-Colindres et al., 2006). A peptic ulcer is an erosion or mucosal injury in the stomach (gastric ulcers) or in the upper small intestine (duodenal ulcers). Gastrointestinal ulcers are one of the most common diseases of man and can lead to cancer. Gastric ulcer is caused by varieties of both endogenous and exogenous factors, which include acid conditions, pepsin, stress and noxious agents such as alcohol, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID), Helicobacter pylori bacteria, smoking and alcohol consumption (Syam et al., 2009). Those factors tend to generate free radicals (ROS), which can be related with several health diseases. Indomethacin is a non-selective non-steroidal anti-inflammat- ory drug (NSAID) that carries warnings to adults, when prescribed orally for rheumatoid and osteoarthritis. Its toxicity to the gastro- intestinal tract namely the induction of bleeding, ulcerations and perforation of stomach or intestines, may be fatal. This serious Contents lists available at ScienceDirect journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jep Journal of Ethnopharmacology http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2015.04.024 0378-8741/& 2015 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. n Corresponding authors. Tel./fax: 52 618 8186936. E-mail addresses: agallegos@itdurango.edu.mx (J.A. Gallegos-Infante), nrocha@itdurango.edu.mx (N.E. Rocha-Guzmán). Journal of Ethnopharmacology 169 (2015) 280–286