Branding Korea as "My Friend's Country" 51 * Hankuk University of Foreign Studies; E-mail: ayhan@hufs.ac.kr KOREA OBSERVER, Vol. 49, No. 1, Spring 2018, pp.51-81 © 2018 by INSTITUTE OF KOREAN STUDIES. https://doi.org/10.29152/KOIKS.2018.49.1.51 Branding Korea as "My Friend's Country": The Case of VANK's Cyber Public Diplomats Kadir Ayhan * The role of non-state actors in public diplomacy remains an unsettled question in the literature. However, various transnational activities of non-state actors are often called public diplomacy, without discrimination. The lack of empirical studies on non-state public diplomacy is to blame for this conceptual confusion. Analytical and empirical studies of non-state public diplomacy are needed to consolidate this phenomenon, which is relatively new, while maintaining the conceptual clarity of public diplomacy. This study explores how Voluntary Agency Network of Korea (VANK), a Korean NGO, conducts public diplomacy and nation branding of Korea based on its members' relationships with foreigners. To gain an in-depth understanding of VANK's activities from the perspectives of public diplomacy and nation branding, this study follows an exploratory single case study method. The findings of this article suggest how VANK and similar non-state actors offer potential for public diplomacy and nation branding that can be utilized also by state agencies. Key Words: public diplomacy, nation branding, cyber public diplomacy, non-state actors, relationship management I. Introduction 1 The role of non-state actors in public diplomacy remains an unsettled question in the literature. A review of SCOPUS-indexed articles and books on public diplomacy finds that 59% have a state-centric definition of public diplomacy while 41% accept non-state actors as actors in it, although clear boundaries are often not drawn (Ayhan in press). This article explores how a non-state actor might be relevant to the public diplomacy and nation branding of a country without government direction.