Full length article Security-related factors in extended UTAUT model for NFC based mobile payment in the restaurant industry Jalayer Khalilzadeh a, * , Ahmet Bulent Ozturk a , Anil Bilgihan b a Rosen College of Hospitality Management, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA b Department of Marketing, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA article info Article history: Received 12 March 2016 Received in revised form 29 December 2016 Accepted 1 January 2017 Available online 6 January 2017 Keywords: Unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT) Near-field communication (NFC) technology Restaurants Mobile payment E-commerce abstract This study aims to provide an integrated model that examines the determinants of near-field commu- nication (NFC) based mobile payment (MP) technology acceptance in the restaurant industry. The pro- posed model, which combines the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT) and technology acceptance model (TAM), was tested via structural equation modeling (SEM) by using data collected from 412 restaurant customers. The study results indicated that the proposed model provides approximately 20% greater explanatory power and predictive accuracy than the original UTAUT model and demonstrates strong evidence of the effects of risk, security, and trust on customers' intentions to use NFC-based MP technology in restaurant settings. In addition, considering the total effect, attitude, security, and risk have the most substantial impact on customers’ behavioral intentions. The study results further demonstrate that risk, security, and trust are also important determinants, with direct and in- direct impacts, of other critical constructs (i.e., effort expectancy, hedonic and utilitarian performance expectancy, attitude, and intention). The empirical findings provide valuable theoretical contributions for researchers and practical implications for restaurant operators and technology vendors by explaining the reasons as to why the NFC-based MP is not popular in North American restaurants. © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction Due to the rapid advancements in mobile telecommunication technologies such as mobile Internet, different types of mobile technologies and applications have emerged that have significantly changed customers’ shopping and payment behavior. One such recent technology that is steadily gaining popularity is Near-Field Communication (NFC)-based mobile payment (MP) systems. With the aid of NFC technology, mobile devices such as smartphones equipped with NFC tags have the ability to act as a virtual wallet, where consumers can conveniently complete their purchases by simply pointing their mobile device to an NFC enabled payment terminal (Gerstner, 2015). The advantages of NFC systems include low power consumption, ease of use, and simple communication setup (Leong, Hew, Tan, & Ooi, 2013). By 2015, more than 150 Subscriber Identity Module (SIM)-based NFCs had been launched around the world, by more than 60 commercial service operators (Anonymous, 2015, p. 79). For example, Samsung collaborated with China UnionPay to launch an NFC payment service on 3.6 million smartphones in China, including the Galaxy Note 4, Galaxy Note 3, and Galaxy S4 (Anonymous, 2015, p. 56). In the United States, there are two major players in the NFC-based MP systems. The first one is “Android Pay” (formerly known as Google Wallet) which is introduced by Google on May 2011 for Android mobile devices and the second one is “Apple Pay” which is developed by Apple in October 2014. There has been a considerable increase in NFC-based MP usage in recent years. Especially with the introduction of Apple Pay in 2014, more retailers are now accepting mobile payments than ever before. In 2015, NFC-based mobile payment transaction value increased 137% compared to 2014 and reached 8.71billion in the U.S (eMarketer, 2015). eMarketer (2016), a market research company, anticipates that by 2020 the proximity mobile payment value will surpass $314 billion. Within the restaurant industry, NFC-based MP systems have also started to gain popularity in recent years. Applebee's announced to put 100,000 NFC tablets on dining tables across 1800 locations. These tablets enable customers to add * Corresponding author. University of Central Florida, Rosen College of Hospi- tality Management, Room 275.19, Rosen College of Hospitality Management, 9907 Universal Blvd., Orlando, FL 32819, USA. E-mail addresses: jalayer.khalilzadeh@ucf.edu (J. Khalilzadeh), ahmet.ozturk@ ucf.edu (A.B. Ozturk), abilgihan@fau.edu (A. Bilgihan). Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Computers in Human Behavior journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/comphumbeh http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.01.001 0747-5632/© 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Computers in Human Behavior 70 (2017) 460e474