Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/rser A survey on electric vehicle transportation within smart grid system N. Shaukat a , B. Khan a, ⁎ , S.M. Ali a , C.A. Mehmood a , J. Khan a , U. Farid a , M. Majid b , S.M. Anwar c , M. Jawad d , Z. Ullah a a Department of Electrical Engineering, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Abbottabad, Pakistan b Department of Computer Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan c Department of Software Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan d Department of Electrical Engineering, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Lahore, Pakistan ARTICLE INFO Keywords: Charging infrastructure Plug in hybrid electric vehicles Electrical vehicles Smart Grid Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) Energy storage technology Hybrid electrical vehicles Global warming ABSTRACT The electriﬁcation of hybrid electric vehicle reduces the reliance of transportation on fossil fuels and reduces Green House Gas emissions. The economic and environmental beneﬁts of the hybrid electric vehicles are greatly reshaping the modern transportation sector. The transportation electriﬁcation (TE) brings various challenges to the Smart Grid (SG), such as power quality, reliability, and control. Thus, there is a need to explore and reveal the key enabling technologies for TE. Moreover, the intermittent nature of Renewable Energy Resources (RER) based generation demands for eﬃcient, reliable, ﬂexible, dynamic, and distributed energy storage technologies. The Electrical Vehicles (EVs) storage battery is the promising solution in accommodating RER based generation within SG. The most eﬃcient feature of transportation sector is Vehicle to Grid (V2G) concept that will help in storing the surplus energy and feeding back this energy to the main grid during period of high demands. The storage technology is an integral part of the SG that helps in attaining the proper utilization of RER. In this paper, our goal is to explore the TE sector and its impact on economy, reliability and eco-friendly system. We reviewed the V2G technology and their implementation challenges. We further reviewed various energy storage technologies deployed in EVs within SG, considering attention to their inﬂuence on the environment. Moreover, this paper presented a detailed overview of the on board and oﬀ board charging infrastructure and communication necessities for EV. The paper also investigated the current issues and challenges of energy storage technologies in EVs. The technical and economic beneﬁts of storage technologies are also considered. Our analysis reviews the role of EVs in decarbonizing the atmosphere. Lastly, the survey explains the current regulation, Standard, and interfacing issues within SG. 1. Introduction The world's energy generation is mainly dependent on fossil fuel resources. The conventional fossil fuel resources are not only depleting but also have a major concern regarding Carbon Dioxide (CO 2 ) gas emission, geo-political stability and Green House Gas (GHG) emission. The conventional electric grid reliability has a question mark due to non-renewable and depleting nature of fossil fuel resources [1–7]. The world's energy demand is expected to increase by 50% till year 2030, thus revolutionary changes in the present centralized and unidirec- tional electric grid is the foremost requirement of the time. The Smart Grid (SG) owing to its bi-directional-power ﬂow and two way commu- http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.05.092 Received 24 February 2016; Received in revised form 26 March 2017; Accepted 17 May 2017 ⁎ Corresponding author. E-mail addresses: neelofar169@gmail.com (N. Shaukat), bilalkhan@ciit.net.pk (B. Khan), hallianali@ciit.net.pk (S.M. Ali), chaudhry@ciit.net.pk (C.A. Mehmood), drjabran@ciit.net.pk (J. Khan), umarfarid@ciit.net.pk (U. Farid), m.majid@uettaxila.edu.pk (M. Majid), s.anwar@uettaxila.edu.pk (S.M. Anwar), mjawad@ciitlahore.edu.pk (M. Jawad), engrzahidullah92@gmail.com (Z. Ullah). Abbreviations: AMI, Advanced Metering Infrastructure; AMR, Automated Meter Reading; BEV, Battery Electric Vehicle; CAES, Compressed Air Energy Storage; CO 2 , Carbon dioxide; DG, Distributed Generation; DER, Distributed Energy Resources; ECES, Electro-Chemical Energy Storage; EDLC, Electric Double Layer Capacitor; ESS, Energy Storage System; EREV, Extended Range Electric Vehicle; EV, Electric Vehicle; FAN, Field Area Network; FC, Fuel Cell; FES, Flywheel Energy Storage; G2V, Grid to Vehicle; GHG, Green House Gas; HAN, Home Area Network; HEV, Hybrid Electric Vehicle; ICT, Information and Communication Technology; IEC, International Electrotechnical Commission; IEEE, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers; LVRT, Low Voltage Ride Through; MG, Micro Grid; MAN, Metropolitan Area Network; M2M, Machine to Machine; MSS, Mechanical Storage System; NIST, National Institute of Standards and Technology; NREL, National Renewable Energy Laboratory; OFC, Optical Fiber Communication; PCC, Point Of Common Coupling; PEV, Plug-In Electrical Vehicles; PHES, Pumped Hydro Energy Storage; PLC, Power Line Communication; PHEVs, Plug In Hybrid Electric Vehicles; PMU, Phasor Measurement Unit; PV, Photovoltaic; R and D, Research and Development; RERs, Renewable Energy Resources; RFB, Redox Flow Battery; SAE, Society of Automation Engineers; SMES, Super Conducting Magnetic Energy Storage; SCADA, Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition; SG, Smart Grid; SOC, State of Charge; TE, Transportation Electriﬁcation; TES, Thermal Energy Storage; V2G, Vehicle to Grid; VPP, Virtual Power Plant; WAN, Wide Area Network; WRAN, Wireless Regional Area Network; WSN, Wireless Sensor Network Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 81 (2018) 1329–1349 Available online 16 June 2017 1364-0321/ © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. 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