Received: 2017.12.21 Accepted: 2018.02.16 Published: 2018.04.25 1740 — 1 14 Urbanorum Spp: First Report in Brazil BCDFG 1 Raí Pablo Sousa de Aguiar ABCDEF 2 Lumar Lucena Alves Corresponding Author: Lumar L. Alves, e-mail: lumarlucena2@yahoo.com.au Conflict of interest: None declared Patient: Female, 41 Final Diagnosis: Presence of Urbanorum spp in the stool samples analysed Symptoms: Abdominal discomfort • diarrhea • fever Medication: Metronidazole 500–750 mg Clinical Procedure: Parasitological exam Specialty: Diagnostics, Laboratory Objective: Rare disease Background: The first scientific case related to Urbanorum spp protozoan infection was identified in Peru in 1994. Considering there are few cases catalogued, the aim of this study was to register the first case of Urbanorum spp infection in Brazil. Case Report: A thin 41-year-old female patient with dark skin, weighing 55 to 60 kg attended the Buriti Municipal Central Laboratory, in Maranhão, Brazil to undergo routine exams. Among the exams requested was a parasitologi- cal exam of feces, which was processed according to the protocol of Hoffman, Pons, and Janer (HPJ) or Lutz, an easy, simple, and low-cost parasitological technique. This method consists in spontaneous sedimentation of a filtered homogenate of feces sample and water. The sample was stained with Lugol and examined under light microscopy at 10× and 40×. We detected a light-yellow structure with rounded shape and several fila- ments similar to pseudopods. The microscopic analysis raised doubts about the identity and pathogenicity of this microorganism. Conclusions: This study reports the first case of Urbanorum spp infection in Brazil, where the current environmental condi- tions have contributed to new parasitological cases. Therefore, further studies are recommended to identify unknown cases of Urbanorum spp infection in other regions of the country to create a national registry relat- ed to this new protozoan. MeSH Keywords: Brazil • Clinical Laboratory Services • Environment and Public Health • Environmental Microbiology • Parasitology Full-text PDF: https://www.amjcaserep.com/abstract/index/idArt/908653 Authors’ Contribution: Study Design A Data Collection B Statistical Analysis C Data Interpretation D Manuscript Preparation E Literature Search F Funds Collection G 1 Master in Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Piauí – UFPI, Campus Ministro Reis Veloso, Parnaíba, Piauí, Brazil 2 Biomedical Sciences, Tiradentes University – UNIT, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil e-ISSN 1941-5923 © Am J Case Rep, 2018; 19: 486-490 DOI: 10.12659/AJCR.908653 486 Indexed in: [PMC] [PubMed] [Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI)] [Web of Science by Clarivate] This work is licensed under Creative Common Attribution- NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)