HFES BULLETIN • DECEMBER 2007 1 people who operate and maintain the system and its infrastructure at the same level of priority as traditional engineers have integrated hardware and software. HSI is a life-cycle systems engineering process that is applied initially during capability and requirements generation to estab- lish the human performance objectives. Then those objectives are operationalized during design engineering, following next by build (construction) engineering, readiness qualification (delivery), mod- ernization, and, finally, operational feedback. A system developed on the basis of HSI principles, processes, methods, and data is not only easier to use (usable or user friendly), safer to use (hazard free), easier to learn (intuitive), easier to fix (maintainable), and easier to control (operable) but also more affordable. Such a system will cost less to operate because of the need for fewer people; those people require a lower level of skills and less training; it will take less time to repair the system; and there will be fewer human errors and accidents. Brief History of HSI HSI had its inception in the acquisition of military systems by the Air Force’s Missile Command and for the U.S. Army’s MANPRINT program. MANPRINT emphasized collaboration across its domains, inclusion of human requirements in the acqui- sition process, and increased weighting of human performance, workload, and safety during the source selection process. The approach to designing human requirements into systems was ex- tended and expanded by the Navy – notably the Naval Sea Systems Command – in its HSI program. The Navy’s approach empha- sizes design requirements developed through an HSI process that begins with a top-down requirements analysis process. This ap- proach also addresses task-centered design, scenario-centered test and evaluation, and certification of systems from the point of view of the integrated domains of HSI. Almost 70% of the total ownership costs of Navy systems are people related, including costs for recruiting, training, and sup- porting people, as well as staffing and designing systems to enable the required levels of human performance. Thus, the impetus for formalizing and standardizing the HSI process, methods, tools, The extent to which many modern complex systems can suc- cessfully reach their intended goals is largely dependent on the performance of the humans who operate, monitor, maintain, support, and supervise the systems. Human-systems integration (HSI) is the process by which human performance considerations are fully integrated into the acquisition and design of complex systems. During the past 15 years, increased emphasis has been placed on incorporating HSI into the Department of Defense acquisition process. Although much has been learned during this time, several significant challenges remain. A recent report approved by the governing board of the National Research Council identified more than a dozen reasons for system design failure (Pew & Mavor, 2007). More than half the reasons cited involve inadequacies associated with HSI. In this article, we provide an introduction to the principles, practices, and processes of HSI as applied to the acquisition of com- plex systems. We also identify several critical steps that are needed to ensure that complex systems can safely and cost-effectively sup- port their users during mission execution. HSI Defined HSI is synonymous with the traditional definition of human factors in its broadest sense. HSI adds to this traditional concept of human factors the emphasis on integration of the individual HSI domains, and the integration of HSI into the acquisition process for emerging systems. HSI is officially defined in DOD Instruction 5000.2c as “a systems engineering process that integrates the seven technical domains of human factors engineering, manpower, per- sonnel, training, habitability, personnel survivability, and safety/ occupational health” for the objectives of maximizing total system performance and minimizing total cost of ownership.” In HSI, the allied disciplines are referred to as domains that are concerned with addressing requirements for the human in the sys- tem. HSI also includes the interaction of these domains and syn- thesis across the individual domains of the respective requirements for human performance, behavior, availability, productivity, com- petence, well-being, and accommodation. HSI is the integration of Volume 50 Number 12 December 2007 Human Factors and Ergonomics Society CONTENTS B EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES ..............................3 ANNUAL MEETING ........................................4 AWARDS....................................................4 CHAPTERS..................................................5 TECHNICAL GROUPS ......................................5 STANDARDS ...............................................6 CALLS FOR PAPERS ......................................6 CALENDAR .................................................6 ulletin Human-Systems Integration: Human Factors in a Systems Context By Thomas Malone, Pamela Savage-Knepshield, & Larry Avery ❉ ❄ ✹ ❆ ❉ ✶ ✦ ✦ ❄ ✶ ✹ ❉ ❆ ✶