https://doi.org/10.1177/2329496518780921 Social Currents 1–20 © The Southern Sociological Society 2018 Reprints and permissions: sagepub.com/journalsPermissions.nav DOI: 10.1177/2329496518780921 journals.sagepub.com/home/scu Original Article Introduction Sociologists and historians have studied the racial boundaries between European immi- grants, blacks, and native-born whites in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century U.S. extensively, focusing mostly on formal legal or organizational practices. One point of broad agreement is that European Immigrants to the United States during the late nineteenth century and early twentieth century enjoyed formal legal protections associated with whiteness. However, systematic analysis of informal and extralegal practices has mostly been lacking, and some argue that some European immigrants were excluded from many of the informal 780921SCU XX X 10.1177/2329496518780921Social CurrentsRigby and Seguin research-article 2018 1 The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA 2 The University of Arizona, Tucson, USA Corresponding Author: Charles Seguin, The University of Arizona, Social Sciences 400, P.O. Box 210027, Tucson, AZ 85721-0027, USA. Email: seguin@email.arizona.edu The Racial Position of European Immigrants 1883–1941: Evidence from Lynching in the Midwest David Rigby 1 and Charles Seguin 2 Abstract The racial position of European immigrants in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries vis-à-vis blacks and whites is debated. Some argue that many European immigrant groups were initially considered nonwhite, while others argue that they were almost always considered white, if sometimes still from a distinct intrawhite racial category. Using a new dataset of all lynchings in the American Midwest from 1883 to 1941, we explore differences in collective violence enacted upon three groups: native-born whites, blacks, and European immigrants. We find that European immigrants were lynched in ways, and at rates, much more similar to that of native whites than to those of blacks. Blacks in the Midwest were lynched at roughly 30 times the rate of native-born whites and European immigrants, and were sometimes ritually burned in massive “spectacle lynchings” while native whites and European immigrants were never burned. We find suggestive evidence that European immigrants were perceived to have posed threats to the political order. Our results suggest that, in the American Midwest, despite nativist othering, European immigrants were fully on the white side of the color line, and were protected from collective violence by their white status. Keywords lynching, race, collective violence, comparative and historical sociology, political sociology