Chapter 4 Innovation in Team Interaction: New Methods for Assessing Collaboration Between Brains and Bodies Using a Multi-level Framework Stephen M. Fiore and Katelynn A. Kapalo Abstract As research on teams becomes increasingly sophisticated, scientists face challenges related to understanding collaboration at multiple levels of analysis, beyond that of the individual or the group alone. Grounded in Hackman’s work on interaction and levels of analysis, this chapter explores theory development for understanding team collaboration from multiple perspectives. We argue that to enhance and improve the study of collaboration and to increase explanatory power, the development of theory must focus not only on the major issues at each level, micro, meso, macro, but also issues that cross these levels of analysis in team interaction. This method of cross-level analysis provides insight on some of the causal factors related to better understanding collaboration effectiveness. Furthermore, this chapter explores the need to leverage complementarity within and between disciplines to enhance our understanding of team interaction and to provide a more holistic method for assessing collaboration in a variety of complex domains. Keywords Collaboration Á Team interaction Á Problem solving Á Team science Á Cross-level analysis Á Micro Á Meso Á Macro 4.1 Teams and Technology: New Methods for Assessing Interaction and Collaboration Between Brains and Bodies Over 400 years ago, a Dutch tinkerer named Zacharias Janssen, who worked in the fledgling spectacle industry, created a new tool. By engineering a set of lenses in a particular configuration, light could be manipulated such that objects could be S.M. Fiore (&) Á K.A. Kapalo University of Central Florida, 3100 Technology Parkway, Suite 140, Orlando, FL 32826, USA e-mail: sfiore@ist.ucf.edu © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2017 A.A. von Davier et al. (eds.), Innovative Assessment of Collaboration, Methodology of Educational Measurement and Assessment, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-33261-1_4 51