Modeling Electromagnetic Wireless Nanonetworks in Terahertz Band within NS-3 Platform Pavel Masek, Lukas Kupka, and Jiri Hosek Department of Telecommunications, Brno University of Technology Brno, Czech Republic Contact author’s e-mail: masekpavel@vutbr.cz Abstract—The wireless nanosensor network paradigm has seen a dramatic increase over the last decade. The envisioned concept uses the integrated machines (devices) at the nano- scale level. Those devices interact on a cooperative basis by means of principles known in wireless communication networks. Today, the design of the protocol stack for wireless nanosensor networks represents the crucial issue to be addressed. Currently available tools only support molecular-based approaches without the ability to account for the relevant impact that electromagnetic communications may have in this field. To cover this white spot, in this paper, the theoretical comparison of available simulation tools is given. Further, we focus on the Nano-Sim tool and create the scenario for wireless sensor networks (WNSN) based on electromagnetic communication in terahertz band. Keywords—Molecular communication; Nanonetworks; Net- work Simulator 3; Performance evaluation; Simulation tools I. I NTRODUCTION Molecular communication opens the door for an emerg- ing field of communication between nodes using chemical molecules for data transmissions. It stands for a multidisci- plinary area with concepts inclusive of biology, chemistry, information theory and communication aiming to develop the comprehensive molecular communication systems [1], [2]. The transmission medium for the molecular communication varies based on the target applications, environment, actions or signals to be sensed [1]. Over the last years, bacteria have risen as the promising candidate to be used in both molecular nodes or transceivers – in this work, we focus to the implementation of molecular-based communication utilizing terahertz frequency band. A. Related work Today, many research works target on the theoretical analy- sis of molecular communication exist [3], [4]. Going further in the literature review, communication protocols and algorithms designed to improve the network throughput performance are detailed in [5], [6]. Molecular communication in general is a slow communication approach as it takes tens of hundreds of minutes per signal to get a response on the receiver side. Therefore, it is extremely time-consuming to validate the performance of each algorithm via the experimental analysis. Thus, there are several existing simulation tools or modules The described research was supported by the National Sustainability Program under grant LO1401. For the research, the infrastructure of the SIX Center was used. focusing on molecular communication approaches, see the simulators comparison given in Table I. The mentioned sim- ulation tools validate their results using either the numerical analysis or the entirely simplified theoretical models. In this paragraph, we discuss some of the available molec- ular network simulators. In the first place, we can touch the NanoNS, which is built on top of the well-known Network Simulator 2 (NS-2). NanoNS provides various communication paradigms in nanoscale world based on a diffusive molecular communication channel [7]. As the NS-2 is used as the base, the NanoNS is computationally inefficient whit regards to memory usage and CPU utilization. In addition, NS-2 is no longer maintained and the most recent version was released at the end of 2011. Next simulator capable of molecular communication is know as N3Sim, which is developed based on the diffusion propagation channel to model molecular networks [8]. As it is also build on top of a customized simulator and the network layers higher than the physical layer are not taken into consideration – N3Sim does not follow the classical ISO/OSI layer hierarchy and implements only the PHY layer i.e., diffusive channel. Therefore, it is not possible to use N3Sim in case the comparison and in depth analysis of the performance provided by upper layer algorithms is the key output. The last, but not the least molecular simulator which has been introduced recently is called Nano-Sim [9]. It uses the Network Simulator 3 (NS-3) and adds functions to model and simulate the electromagnetic wave based nanonetworks. Recently, the nanoNS3 Bacterial Molecular Communication (BMC) simulator has been introduced [2]. It also utilizes the NS-3 and it is the first BMC network simulator validated using the experimental analysis. Despite the fact authors are in touch with research group behind the nanoNS3, in this work, we leave aside the results from this simulator as it is under our long-term testing. B. Main Contribution Against the background, the key contribution of our paper can be summarized as follows: • Constructed communication in Nano-Sim for Wireless Nanonetwork Network (WNSN) where the graphene- based nanoantennas can support the electromagnetic com- munications in the terahertz band i.e., 0.1 ÷ 10.0 THz – this, in theory, allows the extremely high bit rates (terabit/s).