IJSRST184917 | Received : 15 Dec 2017 | Accepted : 31 Dec 2017 | November-December-2017 [(3)8: 1502-1508 ]
© 2017 IJSRST | Volume 3 | Issue 8 | Print ISSN : 2395-6011 | Online ISSN : 2395-602X
Themed Section: Science and Technology
1502
Raman Scattering in High Temperature Superconductors
A P Singh
1*
, Yogendra Kumar
2
, Sanjay Kumar
3
1
Physics Department, M. M. College Modinagar, Uttar Pradesh, India
2
Physics Department, V S P Government Degree College Kairana, Uttar Pradesh, India
3
Department of Physics, J.V. Jain College, Saharanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
ABSTRACT
The detailed study of Raman Scattering in high temperature Superconductors (HTS) via using the quantum
dynamical approach of double time temperature dependent phonon-Green’s functions. The theory of first-
order Raman scattering, second-order Raman scattering, third-order Raman scattering and electron-phonon
contribution Raman scattering is investigated for high temperature superconductors. Raman tensor, intensity of
Raman lines and differential cross-sections of various orders of scattering have been investigated. It has been
developed using almost complete Hamiltonian which consists of the contributions due to the unperturbed
phonons and electrons, anharmonic phonon fields, localized phonon fields and that of electron-phonon
interactions. The temperature and defect dependencies are discussed in detail along with the nature of
continues and line spectra. The phonon Raman scattering spectral density function has been obtained and
analyzed for high temperature superconductors.
Keywords: High Temperature Superconductors, Raman Scattering, Electron-Phonon Interaction, Green's
Function Technique, Hamiltonian
I. INTRODUCTION
Raman scattering is an excellent technique to
characterize and to investigate basic physical
properties of high temperature superconductors.
However, many properties have not yet been
understood in the field of high temperature
superconductors The Raman scattering has played an
important role to investigate the properties of the gap
function. A wide range of experimental techniques
can be employed to investigate this type of properties
[1, 2]. The multi-phonon interactions triggered for the
calculation of thermal, optical and elastic properties of
crystals. Mostly purposed theories are based on the
harmonic approximation [3]. We should not expect
the harmonic theory to be correct, even at the lowest
temperatures. The influence of anharmonicities does
not vanish even at the absolute temperature [4]. In
addition to anharmonicity the presence of impurity
dramatically modifies the phonon spectrum of the
crystal and, hence, substantial changes occur in
energy dependent properties of the crystal [5]. The
interactions such as: phonon interactions in the
anharmonic crystal fields, phonon interactions in the
localized fields of crystal impurity, anharmonic
phonon interactions with localized phonons and
electron-phonon interactions. These interactions give
rise to anharmonic mode, impurity modes and
impurity-anharmonicity interference modes. The
involvement of anharmonic and impurity effects can
cause considerable alternation in the phonon Raman
intensity. In this work, we shall amply the powerful
Green’s function technique to investigate the Raman
intensity in high temperature superconductors. This
thermodynamic Green’s function technique has
become an invaluable tool in the study of complicated
systems of interacting particles [6-8]. In case of Raman
line both the Raman shifts and line widths, and also
the scattered intensities vary with temperature.