1 Refereed paper presented at the conference “Development and Aid Effectiveness: Interrogating Pedagogies in International Development Studies” University of Canberra 18- 19 November 2010. Development Effectiveness without Aid? From Pedagogy for Development to Pedagogy as Development itself Carlos Palacios Centre for Research on Social Inclusion, Macquarie University Abstract In this text I describe three different normative orientations for development practice following the theoretical principles of governmentality studies. Two of these orientations, the technical and the political, have already been adopted widely by development organisations, exhibiting fundamental limitations. With these limitations in mind, I introduce a third orientation, the pedagogic one, mainly derived from the experience of international volunteering and service (IVS) programs. While I agree that aid and technical assistance may not be the strengths of this orientation, I also think that aid may not have a direct and privileged relationship with development – history being my strongest ally. This paper provides an alternative conceptual lens through which experimental learning surfaces as the core of a new mentality of government in development – an ‘experimentality’.