A novel approach for plug-in electric vehicle planning and electricity load management in presence of a clean disruptive technology Ali Hajebrahimi, Innocent Kamwa * , Maurice Huneault Hydro-Qubec/IREQ, Power System and Mathematics, Varennes, QC J3X 1S1, Canada article info Article history: Received 25 September 2017 Received in revised form 7 June 2018 Accepted 13 June 2018 Available online 19 June 2018 Keywords: Plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) Autonomous electric vehicles (AEVs) Deep decarbonization pathway project (DDPP) Disruptive technology PEV planning abstract Plug-in electric vehicles within a decarbonized electricity sector offer a remedy for pollution mitigation in the transportation sector. In this paper, a decomposed planning model for optimal transition to electric vehicle in the deep decarbonization pathway project considering electricity grid constraints is developed. A bi-level charging/discharging control for plug-in electric vehicles is proposed to increase the pene- tration of electric vehicles in a planning horizon. Moreover, an integrated model of electricity and transportation sectors is developed in to investigate the impact of autonomous electric vehicles as a clean disruptive technology for electric vehicles. The proposed planning model is able to determine whether the existing and future electricity grid infrastructure can meet the growing electrified transportation load in the near future or not. Hence, a Bayesian decision-based conjoint method for developing a hetero- geneous transportation demand model is applied. The proposed planning model is carried out on Ontario's grid and a six-bus test system to corroborate the capability of the proposed planning model. According to the obtained results in Ontario's grid, penetration of plug-in electric vehicles is increased to 30% by 2025 while the total CO 2 emission is decreased by 28% compared to the case with no electric vehicle charging/discharging management and disruptive technology. Crown Copyright © 2018 Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction Deep Decarbonization Pathways Project (DDPP) is a global as- sociation under the United Nations which is comprised of all collaborative global research team efforts trying to find out a realistic and feasible ”pathway” for every country to restrict global warming to less than 2 degrees Celsius (2  C) [1]. Canada as one of the aforementioned committed countries needs to decarbonize it's society to attain it's goal of carbon mitigation which is emission reduction of 80% by 2050 compared to the 2005 level [2]. In order to achieve this goal, six pathways are proposed in Ref. [2]:  Pathway 1: Decarbonize electrification.  Pathway 2: Improve energy productivity.  Pathway 3: Reduce non-energy emissions.  Pathway 4: Move to zero emission transport fuels.  Pathway 5: Decarbonize industrial processes.  Pathway 6: Proceed to structural economic change. Amongst all these pathways, pathways 1 and 4 raise challenges from the viewpoint of power system planners. The first pathway facilitates end use sectors to alleviate their produced emissions by switching from fossil fuel products and natural gas to clean elec- tricity. The fourth pathway emphasizes on shifting from fossil fuels to electric batteries, non-food crop biofuels, and hydrogen to power up light-duty vehicles in order to completely decarbonize the transportation sector. As noted in Ref. [3], the transportation sector accounts for 30% of total green house gas (GHG) emissions in Canada, the majority of which comes from light-duty vehicles making personal travels. Plug-in Electric vehicles (PEVs) as a pathway for emission reduction can significantly reduce trans- portation emissions if they are joint with a decarbonized electricity supply. Therefore, increasing the PEV penetration in an integrated transportation and decarbonized electricity sector has turned out to be a controversial issue in the power system studies [4]. How- ever, there has been very little correlation between the trans- portation and electricity sectors due to limited penetration of PEVs, so far. However, this small correlation would no longer exist with the emergence of a clean disruptive technology such as autono- mous electric vehicles (AEVs) in the transportation sectors. * Corresponding author. E-mail addresses: ali.hajebrahimi.1@ulaval.ca (A. Hajebrahimi), kamwa. innocent@ireq.ca (I. Kamwa), Huneault.Maurice@ireq.ca (M. Huneault). Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Energy journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/energy https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2018.06.085 0360-5442/Crown Copyright © 2018 Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Energy 158 (2018) 975e985