A Practical Grammar of the Pāli Language by Charles Duroiselle Fourth Edition, revision 3 (or "Version 4.3"), October 2007. PUBLICATION DATA: This book was first published in 1906 at the "Rangoon College" of British- occupied Burma; the second edition followed in 1915. An electronic text released into the public domain constituted the 3rd edition in 1997. The present edition of the electronic text has been extensively re-formatted to display the Pali text with Unicode compliant characters, and should not require any special fonts to display properly on a contemporary computer. I have made corrections to typographical errors, and have made aesthetic changes to the layout and sequence of the tables, but I have refrained from substantially revising or editing the text. Eisel Mazard, Xishuangbanna, Yunnan, P.R.C., 2007 Table of Contents PREFACES TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS CHAPTER I : THE ALPHABET Vowels short and long (§2-5) The letters classified (§6) Pronunciation (§10-11) Conjunct consonants (§12-13) CHAPTER II : SANDHI EUPHONY Introductory (§14-16) Vowel sandhi (§17-27) Consonantal Insertions (§28) Consonantal sandhi (§29-36) Niggahīta Sandhi (§37-46) Interchange of letters (§47) Signs (§48- 50) CHAPTER III : ASSIMILATION Introductory (§51-52) Kinds of Assimilation (§53) General Rules (§54- 66) Assimilation of Nasals (§67-69) Assimilation Of y (§70-79) Assimilation of r (§80-84) Assimilation of s (§85-95) Assimilation of h (§96-102) CHAPTER IV : STRENGTHENING Strengthening [Guṇa] (§103) Metathesis (§111) Epenthesis (§113) Dropping of Syllables (§113) CHAPTER V : DECLENSION OF NOMINAL BASES Stem or Base (§116, b) Gender (§116, c, d) The Cases (§116, f) Divisions of Declension (§117) General case endings (§118) Vowel declension, stems in a (§119-121) Masculines in a, deva (§122) Neuters in a, rūpa (§123-124) Declension of nouns in ā (§125) Feminines in ā kaññā (§126-127) Masculines in ā, sā (§128) Declension of nouns in i, (§129) Masculines in i, kapi (§130-131) Feminines in i, ī ratti (§132-133) Neuters in i, vāri (§134) Declension of nouns in ī (§135) Masculines in ī, daṇḍī (§136-137) Feminines in ī, nadī (§138-139) Declension of nouns in u. (§140) Masculines in u, bhikkhu (§141) Feminines in u, dhenu (§142-143) Neuters in u, cakkhu (§144-145) Declension of nouns in ū (§146) Masculines in ū, sayambhu (§147) Feminines in ū, vadhū (§148) Diphthongal stems (§149) Special nouns, go, sakhā (§150 -151) Consonantal Declension (§152) [Paradigm:] attā (§154) [Paradigm:] brahmā (§155) [Paradigm:] rājā (§156) [Paradigm:] pumā (§157) Stems in s, mano (§159-160) [Paradigm:] āyu (§161) Stems in r, satthā (§163) [Paradigm:] matā, pitā (§164) Stems in at, vat, mat, bhavaŋ (§166) [Paradigm:] arahaŋ (§167) CHAPTER VI : FORMATION OF FEMININE BASES Feminine Suffixes (§181) Feminine bases of substantives (§182-192) Feminine bases of adjectives (§193-195) CHAPTER VII : ADJECTIVES Adjectives in a (§197-201) Adjectives in ī (§202-204) Adjectives in i (§205-210) Adjectives in u (§211-214) Adjectives In ū (§215-218) Adjectives with consonantal bases (§220-224) [Paradigm:] mahā (§226) [Paradigm:] dhīmā (§228) [Paradigm:] guṇavā (§230) Adjectives in vi (§231-235) Negative Adjectives (§236- 237) Comparison (§238-247) Irregular Adjectives (§247) CHAPTER VIII : NUMERALS Table of Cardinals and Ordinals (§251) Cardinals (§252-272) Ordinals (§273 -278) Adverbial Derivatives from numerals (§279-287) CHAPTER IX : PRONOUNS, PRONOMINAL ADJECTIVES AND PRONOMINAL DERIVATIVES Personal (§288-296) Demonstratives (§297-311) Relatives (§312-314) Interrogative (§315-318) Indefinite (§319-327) Other pronouns (§328-335) Pronominal derivatives (§336-352) Adjectives declined pronominally (§353) CHAPTER X : VERBS Introductory (§354-369) Primitive Verbs (§369) First Conjugation (§370-371) Rules of reduplication (§372) Second Conjugation (§373) Third Conjugation (§374-375) Fourth Conjugation (§376) Fifth Conjugation (§377) Sixth Conjugation (§378) Seventh Conjugation (§379) Conjugation of the Present (§381-403) Irregular verbs (§404) Aorist (§405-426) System of the Perfect (§427- 430) Future System (§431-438) Participles : Present (§439-448) pg. 1