Journal of Communication ISSN 0021-9916
Book Reviews
Influence from abroad: Foreign
voices, the media and U.S. public
opinion
Danny Hayes and Matt Guardino
Cambridge University Press, New York, NY,
2013 $27.99 (cloth), $22.00 (ebook), $85.00
(hard), 197 pp.
his book overthrows the commonly
held thesis that domestic elites are the
primary inluence drivers behind mass
public opinion during international con-
lict. he exercise in self-restraint to show
a united front in international relations
has been the conventional wisdom for
nearly 70 years in U.S. foreign policy
relations. Michigan Republican Arthur
Vandenberg, chair of the Foreign Rela-
tions Committee in postwar 1947, called
on his Senate colleagues to lend their
support for the Truman Doctrine eforts
to challenge Soviet imperialism overseas
and said, “we must stop partisan politics
at the water’s edge.”
hat conventional wisdom was in
dramatic form in Washington from just
ater Labor Day 2002 through 19 March
2003 when Democratic Party opposition
to the Bush-Cheney military response
to Iraq was all but on silent mode. Bush
White House Chief of Staf Andrew Card
explained the post-Labor Day timing of
the strategic communications campaign,
known as the White House Iraq Group
(aka White House Information Group
or WHIG), this way: “From a marketing
point of view, you don’t introduce new
products in August” (Bumiller, 2002).
“A centerpiece of the strategy, White
House oicials said, is to use Mr. Bush’s
speech on 11 Sept. to help move Amer-
icans toward support of action against
Iraq, which could come early next year.”
Couching the Iraq military invasion in
the rally-round-the-lag syndrome of
post-September 11, the bipartisan sup-
port for a military option against Iraq
caught on in short order and with little
notable dissent. On 11 October 2002,
a three-quarter majority of the Senate,
including many Democrats (77-23),
notably 2008 presumptive Democratic
presidential nominee Hillary Clinton,
authorized the use of military force
against Iraq. his united front created
an information vacuum that was illed
by foreign elite voices opposed to the
Bush administration in substance or
procedure; even kingpins in the Senate
were given a stage that did not reverber-
ate. he book devotes an entire chapter,
“Byrd Gets No Word,” to Senator Robert
Byrd (D-WV) and his eloquent, but
futile, quest to amplify Democratic Party
dissent: “Listen. You can hear a pin
drop” (p. 51). An interesting footnote is
that Hayes and Guardino show that the
Department of Defense attempt to use
military analysts to make the case for war
in Iraq “did not appear to pay signiicant
dividends for the Bush Administration,
at least on network television before the
war” (p. 40).
Many of the foreign voices that
impacted domestic opinion are long
gone from the headlines today. hey
E6 Journal of Communication 65 (2015) E6–E8 © 2015 International Communication Association