CHAPTER 27 ETHNICITY, MIGRATION, AND CRIME IN THE NETHERLANDS GODFRIED ENGBERSEN, ARJEN LEERKES, AND ERIK SNEL THE development of research on the relations among ethnicity migration, and crime in the Netherlands reflects the ways migration flows and immigration control policies have evolved in the Netherlands after VTorld War II. ‘vVe pa)’ attention to research on settied immigrant categories (first- and second-generation immigrants who have become natu ralized citizens or have a Dutch residence permit) and to research on immigrant catego ries with a weaker residence status (such as asylum seekers and irregular immigrants). In the 198os and 199os, research primarily focused on four immigrant groups that are today establjshed ethnic minorities: Surinamese, Turks, Moroccans, and Antilleans. In the second half of the 198os, these groups displayed serious integration problems, evi denced by weak attachment to the labor market and high unemployment rates. Research later expanded to include criminality among asylum seekers and irregular rnigrants. In recent years, attention has focused on the involvernent in crime of migrant groups from Central and Eastern Europe. The effects of migration management on immigrant crime also became a subject of research; for instance, the effects of open borders as a result of the EU enlargements (resulting in mobile banditry) and the effects of external border control (the growth of human trafficking organizations) and internal border control (forms of subsistence crime as a consequence of barring irregular migrants from access to conventional means of acquiring income). Most of the research into ethnicity, crime, and migration discussed in this essay was done at a time when the position of irnmigrants began to receive increasingly critical scrutiny High unemployment among immigrants and tragic international (the U.S. ter rorist attacks of September i, 2001) and national events (particularly the assassina tions of politician Pim Fortuyn and filmmaker and writer Theo van Gogh) played an 03/30/2017 Kopie