it "" CHAPTER 1 Fuel Properties and Performance of Biodiesel S. Z. ERHAN, R. O. DUNN, G. KNOTHE, and B. R. MOSER Food and Industrial Oils Research Unit, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Peoria, Illinois Table of Contents 1.1. Introduction 3 1.2. History 4 13. Combustion: cetane numbers and exhaust emissions 5 1.:U. Cctane numbers 5 1.3.2. Exhaust emissions 7 1.4. Cold flow properties of biodiesel 9 1.4.1. Effects of biodiesel 11 1.4.2. Improving cold flow properties, operability and performance of biodiesel 12 1.5. Oxidative stability 26 1.5.1. Monitoring oxidative stability 27 1.5.2. Improving oxidative stability of biodiesel 31 1.6. Viscosity 38 1.7. Lubricity 39 1.8. Conclusions 41 1.9. Abbreviations 42 1.10. References 43 1.1. INTRODUCTION When being used as "alternative" diesel fuel, the mono-alkyl esters of vege- table oils or animal fats are referred to as biodiesel. Biodiesel is playing an Biocalalysis and Bioenergy, edited by Ching T. Hou and Jei-Fu Shaw Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 3