Pottery Production and Importation at the Medieval Town of Martorell (Barcelona, Spain): New data and methodological perspectives for a chronological review through the petrographic and morphometric analysis. Esther TRAVÉ Universitat de Barcelona Josep SOCORREGUT Sistemes de Gestió de Patrimoni SCCL Rosario NAVARRO Centre d'Estudis Martorellencs (3) (2) (1) Trench 1 Trench 3 Trench 2 Trench 4 Trench 6 Trench 8 Trench 12 Trench 7 Trench 11 Farm Llobregat Anoia Gaià Anguera Anoia Anoia Llobregat Francolí Igualada Castellfollit del Boix Torrelavit Orpí Jorba Rubió Santa Margarida de Montbui Veciana Martorell Òdena Tàrrega Cervera Verdú Cabrera d'Anoia Piera ANOIA ALT PENEDÈS BAIX LLOBREGAT VALLÈS OCCIDENTAL BAGES SEGARRA CONCA DE BARBERÀ URGELL Barcelona Tarragona Girona Lleida 0 5 25 km N River flow Town or village SHIRE Pottery producing centre 453 404 272 222 Medieval Cemetery (non excavated area) Trench 1 2 3 4 6 7 8 11 12 Early Christian Church Bulding Early Christian Necropolis Church Refurbishment Hall Building Annexe Baptisterium (?) building Other Buildings Demolition Demolition Habitat settlement and production areas Early Medieval Cemetery Pre-Romanesque Refurbishments Early Medieval Cemetery Sacraria Sacraria Sacraria Cemetery Demolition Cemetery Cemetery Sacraria Demolition Sacraria demolition Medieval Cemetery Romanesque Church Building Collapse of Church th th 5 - 7 Cent. AD th th 8 - 9 Cent. AD th th 9 - 11 Cent. AD th 11 Cent. AD th 12 - Cent. AD th 13 th 15 Cent. AD Phase -3 -2 -1 1 2 -4 -1 0 2 0 4 -2 4 3 -3 1 3 Metamorphic fabric from Martorell Metamorphic Fabrics from Anoia Cabrera d'Anoia reference samples Principal Component 1 (37.8%) Principal Component 2 (16.2%) Recent Holocene Alluvia Alluvia and Sedimentary Basins Conglomerate, Sandstone, Clay Granodiorite and Alkali Granite Marl and Dolomite Dolomite and Marl Marl, Mudstone and Dolomite Sandstone and Clay Calco-schist and clayey marl Silica-rich Sandstone and Clay Sericite-rich slate and phillyte Mica-rich coarse slate Quartzite and Quartz-rich Slate LEGEND 0 1 5km N KO 2 Ba Na O 2 Zr Cu Coarse Granitic Group 1 from Cabrera Coarse Granitic Group 2 from Cabrera Fine Granitic Group 3 from Cabrera Coarse Granitic Samples from Martorell Metamorphic Samples from Martorell Metamorphic Samples from other sites nearby -2 -1 0 2 3 -2 0 1 2 4 Principal Component 1 (53.7%) Principal Component 2 (15.6%) 1 4 -1 3 Petro ID Sample Type Sherd Rim/Base D Min/ Max D Min Thick Med Thick Max Thick Height SM-107 SM-XII.0258-001 olla base 123,288 123,288 7,300 7,300 7,300 40,190 122 4129 SM-108 SM-XII.0258-009 olla base 146,407 146,407 4,010 6,329 6,652 54,777 122 4129 SM-116 SM-XII.0258-021 cover-lid rim 191,391 198,010 6,313 8,346 10,378 18,203 122 1009 SM-117 SM-XII.0258-023 washbasin rim 380,194 380,194 8,628 10,687 12,746 24,526 122 49323 SM-120 SM-XII.0258-029 olla base 198,632 198,632 4,346 8,112 8,112 38,047 122 3119 SM-118 SM-XII.0258-031 olla base 118,321 118,321 5,517 6,096 7,705 26,939 122 3129 SM-119 SM-XII.0258-032 olla rim 115,789 102,019 7,231 7,914 8,597 25,886 125 433 SM-121 SM-XII.0258-033 washbasin rim 325,980 325,980 6,729 7,122 13,693 73,048 122 19346 SM-122 SM-XII.0258-034 olla base 92,427 92,427 3,517 5,461 7,673 18,872 122 2119 SM-131 SM-XII.0369-025 olla rim 87,110 77,211 5,354 6,052 6,663 43,321 126 70790 SM-132 SM-XII.0369-025 olla rim 87,110 77,210 5,354 6,051 6,663 43,321 126 70790 SM-133 SM-XII.0369-026 olla base 163,726 163,726 4,800 5,657 7,689 35,091 122 3029 SM-134 SM-XII.0369-026 olla base 163,726 163,726 4,800 5,657 7,689 35,091 122 3029 SM-135 SM-XII.0369-027 olla base 149,410 149,410 4,957 5,291 5,624 21,880 122 2119 SM-164 SM-XII.0421-001 indetermined base 105,138 150,771 4,539 6,393 8,849 143,413 121 36025 SM-165 SM-XII.0421-002 indetermined rim 132,293 119,605 3,791 5,093 6,395 22,790 125 433 SM-138 SM-XII.0452-008 kitchen mortar base 177,054 177,054 6,536 8,248 22,632 39,528 122 3029 SM-157 SM-XII.0452-015 kitchen mortar base 110,450 159,201 5,200 4,475 9,260 94,477 122 19213 SM-148 SM-XII.0452-019 olla rim 142,924 124,282 4,423 5,492 7,955 34,843 124 730 SM-152 SM-XII.0452-051 olla base 112,476 157,301 4,912 4,997 9,146 116,163 121 35027 Style 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 h 1 3 4 9 ?b ?v ?màx ?mín A (x,y) B C D 0 2 10 cm ?v = ?b = ?mín = ?màx = h = BCYXD = (style) = (mm) 232,226 98,477 215,390 270,370 260,434 13914 0 Silos selected for pottery analysis are shown in red. WASH-BASINS Type A Type B.1 Type B.2 Type C Type D outlier «OLLAS» Type A Type B Type C Type D.1 Type D.2 Type D.3a Type D.3b Type E Type F.1 Type F.2a Type F.2b Type F.2c Type G outlier K. MORTAR COVER-LID Pottery Classification of medieval silos from Santa Margarida: Trench location at the archaeological area (left). Excavation layout of Trench 12 with habitat structures highlighted (1, bottom left), silos (2, bottom centre) and burials (3, bottom right). Early Christian hall Attached building on the West wall that might have been a baptisterium Location area of Martorell Monastery of Sant Genís de Rocafort Site of Santa Margarida: Romanesque Curch North Façade The Early Christian attached buildings had already been demolished at this moment. th th 5 - 7 Century burials were arranged in order mainly in the hall. Site of Santa Margarida Monastery of Sant Genís de Rocafort Site transformation Introduction New research perspectives The medieval SACRARIA Ceramic review: the methodological approach Discussion Medieval greywares at the town of Martorell Imported pottery from Cabrera d'Anoia Local production from Martorell or the immediate neigbourhood New discoverings Reference samples PE01 and PE03 from Medieval Martorell produced at Cabrera Coarse Granitic Sample SM166 Local reference samples PE07 and SM101 from Medieval Martorell Coarse Metamorphic Sample SM111 Geological Map nearby Martorell (Barcelona, Spain) / Biotite-Rich Sample SM131 Fine Quartz & Biotite Sample SM112 Coarse Slate Sample SM139 Coarse Qtz-Tempered Sample SM163 Morphometric examination and stylistic classification Scheme of main morphometric paremetres analyised (top) PCA result of statistical exploitation of morphometric data (right). Samples are coloured according to greyware vessel type. Summary table of the main morphometric characteristics of 20 individuals selected for OM thin-section analysis There are parallels of type Ll.D in Olèrdola (1) and Sant Cugat del Vallès (2) (Barcelona) (Roig, 2017). Type Ll.D's function might be interpreted as an alembic (Armengol & Lerma 2012). Sampling after morphometric classification and paste macroscopic observation maximizes the assets of further archaeometric approach Petrographic, macroscopic and stylistic results have been compared between them and against the archaeological context of samples. Archaeological record, carefully built through an integrated Information System (Del Fresno 2016, Mauri et al. 2012), provides a relative chronology for silos, burials and habitat structures. Silos 272 and 404 were filled th th with more recent deposits (c. 12 -13 Centuries) while 222 th th and 453 are from an earlier period (8 – 9 Centuries). The first impression arising from this data comparison is that Amongst the samples from silos analysed in the current study, 70% of them belong to the Coarse Granitic (7%) or Coarse Metamorphic (63%) fabrics. Metamorphic fabrics show coarser or finer versions of the same paste recipe. The presence of sericite in most of metamorphic samples clearly indicates local provenance, as sericite is common in local metamorphic outcrops. In 1042 AD, the Lord Bonfill and Lady Sicarda of Castellvell de Rosanes founded the monastery of Sant Genís de Rocafort and Santa Margarida became the parish of the priorate. The earliest church had a tripartite apse. Huge ashlar stones were placed on the corners and walls were made of sandstone covered by a tile roof on a wooden-beamed ceiling. A horseshoe- arched entrance was on the South wall. There also were some annexe buildings: The medieval town of Martorell was placed in a crossing point between rivers Llobregat and Anoia. Even though the village was formed in the medieval period, there was much earlier settlement around the Early Christian church of Santa Margarida, located in the ancient Via Augusta in its way to the city of Tarraco. The most ancient archaeological finding in the area was a milliarium of the Roman Emperor Magnentius (350 – 353 AD). In the fifth Century, an Early-Christian church was built (Navarro & Mauri 1993). It was the beginning of more than 1500 years of settlement at this place. Early Christian Necropolis th th (5 – 7 Centuries) Early Medieval Necropolis th th (8 – 10 Centuries) th At the end of 12 Century, the parish was in a blossoming period and the Early Christian building was partially demolished to build up a new Romanesque church. Early Medieval Sacraria th th (10 - 11 Centuries) During the second half th of 11 Century, while the Early Christian church was still in use, some medieval cob- built habitat structures were placed in the surrounding area. Within 30 feet around the church, peasants were protected against the feudal landlords' violence. This so-called sacraria or sacred area provided a safer place to live. A great number of silos for grain sto- rage was discovered. In 2012, the excavation area was significantly enlarged. This has allowed us to get a better insight of the habitat structures around the church and their chronology. a new Trench 12 was opened, and therefore Preliminary results show alternative periods of habitat and funerary uses: (1) (2) (3) There are up to three building phases, the latest one related to a piping channel. Some of this buildings reuse those of the earliest period changing their orientation slightly. There are plenty of silos related to the building structures and filled with abundant pottery sherds, which could provide chrono- logical reference (Navarro & Mauri 1997). The stratigraphic relation between silos and burials and between different silos between them is the relative chronological framework for pottery studies from the stylistic and techno- logical standpoint. Chronological sequence at the site of Santa Margarida (Martorell). (Sampled silos' contexts are shaded in yellow). According to reference materials and previous studies of pottery found at the medieval town of Martorell (Travé et al. 2017, Travé 2018), pottery was produced locally. Most of samples (80%) were included within a Coarse Metamorphic Fabric with Biotite-Rich Fabric: (12%) Inclusions of Quartz and Biotite (<1 mm), probably inclu- ded naturally in the clay. Fine Quartz & Biotite Fabric: (3%) Fewer and finer inclusions of Quartz and Biotite. It probably was a finer version of the pre- vious fabric. (Reference microphotographs were taken at 25x XP; image width = 6 mm. Those from the present study have been taken at 40x XP, black and white; image width = 4 mm ) Coarse Slate Fabric: (5%) Very coarse (4-5 mm) inclusions of slate. Similar pro- ducts have been found nearby the Monastery of Sant Genís. Coarse Qtz-Tempered Fabric: (10%) Containing the same range of inclusions than the local fabric, this seems a quartz tempered version of it. All 955 pottery sherds found at silos 222, 453, 404 and 272 were coarse greywares. Ceramic paste of the entire assemblage has been analysed macroscopically. 120 samples were rims or bases from boiling pots «ollae» and wash- basins mainly. They were drawn, and morphometric approach considering rim or base and minimum or maximum diametres, wall thickness, height and profile (Travé 2010, Vicens & Travé 2018) allowed us to determine numerous mica-rich and Quarz-&-Feldspar inclusions probably related to a coarse schist. Few samples (20%), were related to the close kiln site of Cabrera d'Anoia. Preliminary observation of pottery from silos in the present study confirms this provenance and distribution, and some new fabrics have been identified. specific vessel types. 60 samples assemblage (20 of them had specific shape and remaining 40 ware amorphous material) were thin-sectioned and grouped according to the nature of inclusions, matrix and voids (Quinn, 2013) and compared to reference material. representative for the entire PCA result of statistical exploitation of morphometric data. Samples are coloured accor- ding to their archaeological context (above left), and petrographic fabric (above right). technological and typological changes have chronological significance: Ancient deposits contained mainly ollae while most of individuals in silo 272 are basins. Ollae were made of coarser pastes and basins were definitely finer. Both local products and imported vessels from Cabrera d'Anoia last for most of the medieval period at the site, and there is not a strong distinction between paste preparation and vessel type. Nevertheless, the presence of biotite-rich samples mainly in silo 222 and rarely in silo 453 suggests the existence of an ancient production abandoned at some point within the site's transformation. The presence of quartz-tempered samples in silo 222 and occasionally in the others suggests that the practice of tempering would be more common in the earliest periods, despite it was going to show further endurance. At this point and still with preliminary results, coarser or finer metamorphic fabrics correlate well with local geological outcrops, while granitic samples seem related to the closer site of Cabrera d'Anoia. Still, there is not possible to determine the provenance of fabrics not as well represented. The existing connection between coarse slate samples (found exclusively in silo 453) and a very same fabric found nearby the monastery of Sant Genís might suggest some kind of intrusion in that particular context. REFERENCES Armengol P, Lerma JV (2012): “Un conjunto de instrumentos cerámicos para la destilación de época califal procedente de Valencia”. In Gelichi S (ed.) Atti del IX Congresso Internazionale sulla Ceramica Medievale nel Mediterraneo, Venecia, p. 372-374. Del Fresno P (2016): Sistema de Información Arqueológica:propuesta de normalización, des- arrollo conceptual e informático. Universidad del País Vasco. PhD Dissertation (https://www. academia.edu/23836202/Sistema_de_Informaci%C3%B3n_Arqueol%C3%B3gica_propuesta_d e_normalizaci%C3%B3n_desarrollo_conceptual_e_inform%C3%A1tico). Mauri A, Travé E, Del Fresno P (2012): “An Integrated Implementation of Written and Material Sources - Conceptual Challenge and Technological Resources”. In Ollich I. (ed.) Archaeology, New Approaches in Theory and Techniques, InTech. Croatia. Navarro R, Mauri A (1993): “Santa Margarida de Martorell: la transició de l'antiguitat tardana al món medieval”. IV Congreso de Arqueología Medieval Española, pp. 341-344. Navarro R, Mauri A (1997): “La ceràmica medieval de Martorell”. La ceràmica medieval catalana. El monument, document. Quaderns científics i tècnics 9. Diputació de Barcelona, p. 89-100. Quinn P (2013): The Interpretation of Archaeological Pottery and Related Artefacts in Thin Section, Archaeopress Archaeology, Oxford. Roig J (2017): “La cerámica reducida de cocina entre el Bajo Imperio Romano y la Alta Edad Media en el Noreste Peninsular (Cataluña)”. Obra Negra y alfarería de cocina. Actas del XIX Congreso de la Asociación de Ceramología. Quart (Girona), p. 63-122. Travé E (2010): Producció i distribució d'uma terrisseria medieval: Cabrera d'Anoia. Universitat de Barcelona (http://www.tdx.cat/TDX-0112110-111917) Travé E (2018): La ceràmica comuna de cuina d'època medieval: Provinença, tecnologia i comerç al camp català. Societat Catalana d'Arqueologia, Barcelona. Travé E, López MD, Álvaro K (2017): “Nuevas aportaciones sobre el alfar de Cabrera d'Anoia y sus productos: La distribución de cerámicas grises en la comarca del Anoia (Barcelona)”. Proceedings of the XI Congres son Medieval and Modern Period Mediterranean Ceramics, Turkey, p. 241-245. Vicens J, Travé E (2018): “La terrissa popular de Josep Escortell i Cerqueda: La tipologia de Quart”, Estudis del Baix Empordà 37, p. 97-129. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Research at Santa Margarida was funded by the Catalan Government between 2014-2017 through a 4-year-on-site project (2014/100650) and will continue in 2018-2021 with a renewed project (2018/000035). The contribution, collaborative work and precious advice of our colleagues in Santa Margarida's research teamwork Pablo Del Fresno, Montserrat Farreny, and Alfred Mauri are deeply acknowledged. This project is also part of the Pottery Analysis research line at the Medieval and Post-Medieval Research group at University of Barcelona (2017-SGR833-GRC). O.1 O.2 C M O.A O.B O.C O.D1 O.D2 O.D3b O.D3a O.E O.F1 O.F2a O.F1 O.F2b O.F2c Ll.A Ll.B1 Ll.B2 Ll.C Ll.D (1) (2) -2 -1 0 2 3 -2 0 1 2 4 Principal Component 1 (53.7%) 1 4 -1 3 PETROGRAPHIC FABRIC Coarse Granitic Fabric from Cabrera d'Anoia Coarse Metamorphic Local Fabric Biotite-Rich Fabric Fine Quartz & Biotite Fabric Coarse Slate Fabric Coarse Qtz-Tempered Fabric -2 -1 0 2 3 -2 0 1 2 4 Principal Component 1 (53.7%) Principal Component 2 (15.6%) 1 4 -1 3 ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONTEXT Silo Silo 453 Silo 404 Silo 272 222