Progress in Polymer Science 88 (2019) 1–129 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Progress in Polymer Science j o ur na l ho me pa ge: www.elsevier.com/locate/ppolysci Functionalized conjugated polymers for sensing and molecular imprinting applications Anantha-Iyengar Gopalan a , Shanmugasundaram Komathi a , Nallal Muthuchamy a,1 , Kwang-Pill Lee a,∗ , Michael J. Whitcombe b , Lakshmi Dhana c , Gopalan Sai-Anand d a Research Institute of Advanced Energy Technology, Advanced Nanomaterials Laboratory, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, South Korea b University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester, LE1 7RH, United Kingdom c King’s College London, Strand Campus, London, WC2R2LS, United Kingdom d Global Innovative Center for Advanced Nanomaterials, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan 2308, New South Wales, Australia a r t i c l e i n f o Article history: Received 27 June 2017 Received in revised form 2 August 2018 Accepted 6 August 2018 Available online 24 August 2018 Keywords: Conducting polymer Functionalization a b s t r a c t The electronic conjugation between each repeat unit in conducting polymers (CPs) provides semicon- ducting molecular architectures and intriguing properties to suit for sensing applications. Therefore, considerable progress has been demonstrated on sensor designs with CPs. Unfortunately, the most essen- tial requirements of sensors such as selectivity of an analyte and detection of a specific analyte in a complex environment are hard to achieve with pristine CPs. These constraints in pristine CPs along with processability limitations necessitate the development of functionalized CPs (FCPs) through intelligent structural modification of pristine CPs or inclusion of a functional property modifying components with CPs. On perusal of the literature in last 10–15 years on the use of FCPs for sensor application reveal that Abbreviations: AA, ascorbic acid; BBVs, boronic acid functional viologens; BPA, bisphenol A; BSA, bovine serum albumin; CBT, 2-cyano-6-methoxybenzothiazole; CDS, cyclodextrin sulfonate; CEL, celecoxib; ChEt, cholesterol esterase; CNT, carbon nanotubes; CO, carbon monoxide; CP, conducting polymers; CPEs, conjugated polyelectrolytes; CS, chitosan; CSA, camphor sulfonic acid; CVD, chemical vapor deposition; Cys, cysteine; DA, dopamine; DFT, density functional theory; DHP, 2,5-dihydroxyphenyl; DMA, N,N-dimethylaniline; DMcT, 2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole; DMMP, dimethyl methylphosphonate; DNA, deoxy ribo nucleicacid; DNT, dinitrotoluene; E. coli, Escherichia coli; ECL, electrochemiluminescence; EDC, (N-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-N’-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride); EpCAM, epithelial cell adhesion molecule; FAD, flavin ade- nine; FCPs, functionalized CPs; FETs, field effect transistors; FRET, fluorescence resonance energy transfer; F-Pas, functionalized polyacetylene; F-PANIs, functionalized polyanilines; F-PFs, functionalized polyfluorene; F-PPys, functionalized polypyrroles; F-PTs, functionalized polythiophenes; G, graphene; GC, glassy carbon; GNR, gold nanorod; GO, graphene oxide; GOx, glucose oxidase; GS, graphene sheet; Hb, haemoglobin; HDT, 1,6-hexanedithiol; HFIP, hexafluoroisopropanol; HQ, hydroquinone; HQS, N-hydroquinone monosulfonate; HRP, horseradish peroxidase; ITO, indium tin oxide; LBL, layer-by-layer; LCST, lower critical solution temperature; LPG, liquefied petroleum gas; m-BBV, N,N ′ -4,4 ′ -bis(benzyl-3 ′′ -boronic acid)-bipyridinium dibromide; MEs, modified electrodes; MPTS, (3-mercaptopropyl) trimethoxysilane; MTPPP, met- allotetraphenylporphyrin; NBDAE, 4-(2-acryloyloxyethylamino)-7-nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole; nbe-nose, nanobioelectronic nose; nbe-tongue, nanobioelectronic tongue; ND, nanodiamonds; NDDEAEA, N-(N ′ ,N ′ -diethyldithiocarbamoylethylamidoethyl) aniline; NEES, nanopillar-enhanced electrodes; NFM, nanofibrous membrane; NHS, (N-hydroxysuccinimide); NPG, nanoporous gold; o-BBV, N,N ′ -4,4 ′ -bis(benzyl-2 ′′ -boronic acid)-bipyridinium dibromide; ODN, oligonucleotides; OECT, organic electro- chemical transistor; OFL, ofloxacin; P(DPA-co-2ABN), poly(diphenylamine-co-2-aminobenzonitrile); P3ACIT, chloropoly(3,ˇ-chloroalkylo-4-chlorothiophenes); P3BSiT, poly(3-butyne triisopropylsilyl thiophene); P3CA, pyrrole-3-carboxylic acid; P3HT, poly(3-hexylthiophene); P3TzdHT, poly(3-triazole dihexyl thiophene); P3TzHT, poly(3- triazole hexyl thiophene); PA, 6 polyamide 6; PA, polyacetylene; PAA, poly acrylic acid; PABS, poly(4-aminobenzene sulfonic acid); PAMAM, poly(amidoamine); PANI, polyaniline; PASA, PANI sulfonate; PATP, poly (4-amino thiophenol); PATP, poly(2-aminothiophenol); PAzoTAc, poly(2-[4-(4 ′ -nitrophenylazo)-N-ethyl-N-phenylamino]ethyl- 3-thienylacetate); p-BBV, N,N ′′ -4,4 ′′ -bis(benzyl-4 ′′ -boronic acid)-bipyridinium dibromide; PBP, poly(9,9-bis(6 ′ -benzimidazole)hexyl)fluorene-alt-1,4-phenylene; PCPBT-FC, poly(4-(ferrocenylmethylidene)-4H-cyclopenta[2,1-b:3,4-b ′ ]-dithiophene); PDA, polydopamine; PDPA, poly(diphenyl amine); PDT, poly(3-dodecylthiophene); PdTPP, palladium tetraphenylporphyrin; PEDOT, poly(ethylene dioxy thiophene); PEG, polyethylene glycol; PET, poly(ethylene terephthalate); PF, polyfluorenes; PFAB, poly{(1,4- phenylene)-2,7-[9,9-bis(6 ′ -N,N,N-trimethyl ammonium)-hexyl fluorene] dibromide)}; PFO, poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene); PHET, poly(3-(2-hydroxyethyl)thiophene); PHexOxT, poly(3-hexyloxythiophene); PHexTAc, poly(hexyl-3-thienylacetate); PI, polyindoles; PIL, polymerized ionic liquid; PL, Photoluminescence; PMB, poly(methylene blue); PMMA, polymethylmethacrylate; PMNT, poly[3-(3 ′ -N,N,N-triethylamino-1-propyloxy)-4-methyl-2,5-thiophene hydrochloride]; PMTEMA, poly(2-(2-(4-methylthiophen-3- yloxy)ethyl)malonate acid); PMTPA, poly(3-(4-methyl-30-thienyloxy)propyltrimethylammonium); PNCEPy, poly(N-2(cyanoethyl)pyrrole; PNMA, poly(N-methyl aniline); POA, poly(o-anisidine); ppt, parts per trillion; Ppy, polypyrrole; PSS, polystyrene sulfonate; PT, polythiophenes; PTA, phosphotungstic acid; PTAA, poly(3-thiopheneacetic acid); PTCA-Cl, poly[N,N,N-trimethyl-4-(thiophen-3-ylmethylene)-cyclohexanaminium chloride]; PTEBS, poly[2-(3-thienyl)ethyloxy-4-butylsulfonate]; PTMSPA, poly[N-(3- trimethoxyl silyl)propyl aniline]; pTSA, P-toluene sulfonic acid; pTTBA, poly(terthiophene benzoic acid); PTTCA, poly(5,2 ′ : 5,2 ′′ -terthiophene-3 ′ -carboxylic acid; PURET, poly [2-(3-thienyl)ethanol n-butoxycarbonylmethylurethane]; PVA, poly(vinyl alcohol); PvdF, poly(vinylidene fluoride); PVP, poly(vinyl pyrolidone); PVSA, polyvinylsulfonic acid; QMB, quartz crystal microbalance; RGO, reduced graphene oxide; RS, rhodamine 6G derivative; S. Aureus, Staphylococcus aureus; SC, sildenafil citrate; SO, sulfite oxidase; SPAN, sulfonated polyaniline; SPCE, screen-printed carbon electrode; SPR, surface plasmon resonance; SWNT, single-walled carbon nanotubes; TMA, trimethylamine; TMB, 3,3 ′ ,5,5 ′ -tetramethylbenzidine; TNT, 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene; Tppp, tetraphenylporphyrin; UA, uric acid; VOCs, volatile organic compounds; -CD,  –cyclodextrin. ∗ Corresponding author. E-mail address: kplee@knu.ac.kr (K.-P. Lee). 1 Present address: Department of Chemistry, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2018.08.001 0079-6700/© 2018 Published by Elsevier B.V.