This is a post-peer-review, pre-copyedit version of an article published in International Journal of Historical Archaeology. The final authenticated version is available online at: https://doi-org.ezp-prod1.hul.harvard.edu/10.1007/s10761-018-0486-x Please refer to and cite article in authenticated form. Defining Identity during Revitalization: Taki Onqoy in the Chicha-Soras Valley (Ayacucho, Peru) Submission for IJHA Special Issue: Status and Identity in the Imperial Andes Guest Editors: Scotti M. Norman and Sarah Kennedy Scotti M. Norman 1 Normans01@doaks.org Scotti.m.norman@vanderbilt.edu Mailing address: Dumbarton Oaks 1703 32 nd St NW Washington, D.C. 20007 Abstract Sixteenth-century Spanish evangelization was initially haphazard and varied, producing a patchwork of Andean Catholic converts whose formalized commitment to the new religion (baptisms, marriage rites, funerals) hinged on regional priests. In the 1560s CE, a revitalization movement known as Taki Onqoy (Quechua: “dancing sickness”) fostered a population of highland Andean peoples who actively rejected Spanish traditions, religious beliefs, and practices. This article presents results from the first archaeological study of Taki Onqoy. Ceramic, faunal, and mortuary data suggest that rather than a monolithic body of individuals who denied or rejected Catholicism, Andeans were entangled within the two religious sects. Keywords Taki Onqoy, Idolatry, Chicha-Soras, Identity, Revitalization Introduction About ten years ago, perhaps more or less, there was a disaffection between the Indians of this land, in which they performed a manner of song called Taqui Honqoy…In this apostasy, they believed that Our Lord had made the Spaniards, Castile, and the animals and supplies of Castile, but that the huacas had made the Indians and this land and the goods that the indians had before. And thus they stripped Our Lord of his omnipotence. (Molina 2010[1574]:95-96, translation by the author) Abrá diez años, poco más o menos, que hubo una yrronia entre estos yndios d’esta tierra y era que haҫían una manera de canto al qual llamavan taqui hongoy…En esta apostación creyeron que Dios Nuestro Señor avía hecho a los españoles, y a Castilla, y a los animales y mantenimientos de Castilla, enpero que las guacas avían hecho a los yndios, y a esta tierra y a los mantenimientos que de antes tenían los yndios. Y así quitaban a Nuestro Señor su omnipotencia. (Molina 2010[1574]:95-96) 1 Pre-Columbian Studies Program, Harvard University Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Washington, D.C.; Department of Anthropology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN. Norman, Scotti 1