The K4D helpdesk service provides brief summaries of current research, evidence, and lessons learned. Helpdesk reports are not rigorous or systematic reviews; they are intended to provide an introduction to the most important evidence related to a research question. They draw on a rapid desk-based review of published literature and consultation with subject specialists. Helpdesk reports are commissioned by the UK Department for International Development and other Government departments, but the views and opinions expressed do not necessarily reflect those of DFID, the UK Government, K4D or any other contributing organisation. For further information, please contact helpdesk@k4d.info. Helpdesk Report Effectiveness of aid interventions to strengthen collective action that facilitate women’s political empowerment – Annotated bibliography Émilie Combaz Independent researcher and consultant in social sciences 4 October 2018 Question Please provide a selection of rigorous references about the effectiveness of aid interventions to strengthen collective action that facilitate women’s political empowerment. In particular, identify references that offer assessments of the evidence base for these interventions (i.e. strength of the evidence for different types of interventions). Where possible, highlight the types of interventions, as well as the effectiveness, challenges, and conditions required. If mentioned, note the role of donors in these interventions. In the overview of the report, also present the evidence and a selection of references about the role of collective action in facilitating women’s political empowerment and engagement, and the conditions necessary for this (including any contextual factors). Briefly discuss the strength of the evidence base on this.