1 Chapter 3. Non‐domination and “Shame” Culture: Reconsidering Criminal Punishment in Republicanism Jun‐Hyeok Kwak The heart of compassion is the germ of benevolence; the heart of shame, of dutifulness; the heart of courtesy and modesty, of observance of the rites; the heart of right and wrong, of wisdom (惻隱之心 仁之端也; 羞惡之心, 義之端也; 辭讓之心, 禮之端也; 是非之心, 智之端也: 2A6, 公孫丑 章句 上). – Mencius – Introduction This paper examines the republican view that “liberty as non‐domination” may be a political ideal capable of transcending cultural boundaries. I refer to a version of classical republicanism, which has been developed by Quentin Skinner since 1980s and later refined by Philip Pettit. Like other communitarian or civic republican philosophers, they represent a set of normative ideas, such as community, civic virtue, and democratic participation. However, their argument is not that these normative ideas are intrinsic to liberty or given by nature, but rather that a political ideal that is at once anti‐collectivist and anti‐atomist can be obtained without reverting to the notion of Aristotle’s zoon politikon or without making the cultivation of widespread civic virtue the highest end of political life. Rather, they argue that active participation in politics and widespread civility must be valued and required, not necessarily because they are good in themselves, but because they ultimately contribute to the realization of liberty as non‐domination.