a SciTechnol journal Research Article
Vasu et al., J Polym Sci Appl 2017, 1:2
International Publisher of Science,
Technology and Medicine
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Journal of Polymer
Science & Applications
The Improvement in Mechanical
Properties of Coconut Shell
Powder as Filter in HDPE
Composites
Aradhyula Thirumala Vasu
1
, Chetan Reddy, Srinadh
Danaboyina
2
, Gopala Krishna Manchala
2
and Murthy Chavali
3
*
Abstract
Composites have been prepared using the coconut shell powder
and high density polyethylene (HDPE) as the components. Coconut
shell powder was mixed with HDPE via compounding of coconut
shell powder and HDPE of HDPE and Coconut shell powder. The
resultant materials were cast in three outlines and dried which
resulted in composites. Their mechanical properties have been
studied in detail and compared with the conventional composite
made from the coconut shell powder used as reinforcement and
high density polyethylene (HDPE) which was used as a matrix. The
resulting material can be used in the applications of Aerospace and
Automobile etc.
Keywords
Coconut shell powder; Polyethylene matrix composite; Mechanical
properties
*Corresponding author: Murthy Chavali, Divisions of Chemistry, Department
of Sciences and Humanities, Vignan’s Foundation for Science, Technology and
Research University (Vignan’s University), Vadlamudi, Guntur 522 213, Andhra
Pradesh, India, Tel: +91 96428 78182; E-mail: chavalim@gmail.com
Received: March 13, 2017 Accepted: April 14, 2017 Published: April 20, 2017
change drastically over high-density polyethylene to low density
polyethylene. In general, the degree of branching in polyethylene
determines its mechanical properties. HDPE is more crystalline than
LDPE because it contains fewer branches. Unlike LDPE, a composite
material which consists of coconut shell powder with diferent
hardeners like coir fber reinforced polyester composites, polymer
matrix composites, Phenol Formaldehyde Epoxy Resin, and Polyester
[10-16]. In this paper, the composites are tested by bending, impact
and tensile tests.
Materials and Methods
Materials required for this composite are coconut shell powder
and high-density polyethylene. Te cleaned coconut shell was dried
in open air; the pulverizing machine is used to make coconut shell
into powder. High-density polyethylene, the only type of Low-Density
polyethylene was produced at extremely high pressures. Tis high-
pressure polymerization created polyethylene with many branches;
these branches are created due to intermolecular and intermolecular
chain transfer during polymerization. Te mechanism involved
in the polymerization of low-density polyethylene is free radical
polymerization. Te uses of low-density polyethylene are limited
due to the high number of branches. Because of the extreme pressure
needed to create low-density polyethylene and its limited uses, Karl
Ziegler tried in creating polyethylene at atmospheric pressure [17].
Coconut Shell powder and HDPE was used in ratios of, 10-90%,
20-80%, 30-70%, and 40-60% respectively. Te various methods used
in testing of composite materials are a tensile test, bending test and
impact test.
Te samples were prepared in diferent concentrations and in
diferent shapes by the process of injection molding and casting
technique for testing. Tese prepared samples were subjected to
various mechanical tests like a tensile test, bending test and impact
test.
Experimental Method
Te powder was collected from dried coconut shell by breaking the
shells into pieces and grinding them. Te collected powder was sieved
to diferent mesh sizes. Te coconut shell powder is incorporated with
high-density polyethylene by using injection molding and casting
technique with the respective percentages of coconut shell powder.
Te ambient temperature of the high-density polyethylene is 200°C.
Te mixture was prepared into the required shape and size by using
the molds of injection molding. All the samples will be tested through
above mentioned tests, hence, a total of 15 pieces are required, the
dimensions and shapes of those pieces are in Figure 1. Te samples are
tested for the mechanical properties; the samples which are compared
with the standard, the one which matches with the standard it is
acceptable for application in various mechanical felds (Tables 1-3).
Results and Discussions
Te experimental curves for tensile strength from Universal
testing machine of 10% CSP (coconut shell powder) flled, 20% CSP
flled, 30% CSP flled and 40% CSP flled composites are shown in
Figures 2-5 respectively.
Introduction
Composite materials were developed as a class of materials capable
of advanced aerospace, electronics, structural, automotive and wear
applications. Tis composite material used in our study was coconut
shell powder and HDPE (High-Density Polyethylene). Te advantage
of the composite materials is their tailored mechanism which
includes low density, high specifc strength [1-4]. Te top fve coconut
producing countries are Indonesia, Philippines, India, Brazil and Sri
Lanka. Te places in India include Gujarat, Maharashtra, Karnataka,
Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Bihar, Andhra Pradesh, West Bengal, Orissa, and
Assam. A coconut usually contains coconut water and core which
is consumed and the remaining is lef a shell as waste. Tese shells
contain Natural fbers which are eco-friendly, biodegradables that
are eco-friendly, cheap and renewable to the environment. Chemical
composition of coconut shell powder consists of Lignin (29.4%),
Pentosans (27.7%), Cellulose (26.6%), Moisture (8%), Solvent Extracts
(4.2%), Uronic Anhydrides (3.5%) and Ash (0.6%) [5-9]. HDPE works
like a hardener; the only type of polyethylene produced was LDPE.
A German scientist (Karl Ziegler) made the greatest contribution
in producing high-density polyethylene. Te mechanical properties