1) What are perfumes? • A substance, extract, or prepara8on for diffusing or impar8ng an agreeable or a>rac8ve smell, especially a fluid containing fragrant natural oils extracted from flowers, woods, spices, etc., or similar synthe8c oils. Reference: Dic8onary,com. (2017). Perfume. Retrieved June 30, 2017, from h>p://www.dic8onary.com/browse/perfume 2) Differen8ate perfumes from cologne. • Perfume is the most intense fragrance commonly used, with a concentra8on of 20 to 30 percent. Also referred to as parfum, it can last as long as 24 hours aPer a single applica8on. During this 8me, your body chemistry can change drama8cally, so the final scent typically does as well. On the other hand, eau de cologne, or simply cologne, contains an oil concentra8on of 2 to 4 percent. The term is commonly reserved for light and fresh masculine scents, which are oPen fruity or musky and typically last a few hours. During the first hour, the middle notes that are the heart of the fragrance prevail. During the second hour, the base notes that comprise a fragrance's body take over. This is called the dry-down period, and it's when your body chemistry interacts with long-las8ng fixa8ves to produce the true or final scent. Since eau de cologne has a lower concentra8on, the scent does not last as long, so you may need to reapply if you go out for aPer-work drinks or dinner. • Perfumes contain a higher concentra8on of oils, typically around 20 to 30 percent, while the oil concentra8on in cologne is around 2 to 4 percent. Reference: Schneider, A. (2016). Cologne vs. Perfume. Retrieved June 30, 2017, from h>ps://www.overstock.com/guides/ cologne-vs-perfume 3) Give the different scents/aroma8c ingredients that can be incorporated into perfumes. Stabilizers and Perfume Bases - All perfumes are composed of both a base and a fragrance compound. The perfume compound will account for 20 to 50 percent of the fragrance and is made from essen8al oils and synthe8c fragrances. Perfume bases, which account for 50 to 80 percent of a fragrance, are generally made from liquids such as alcohol and water. They also include a variety of stabilizers, which are used to fix a perfume's scent and ensure that ingredients do not separate. Most oil-based perfumes are free of stabilizers. The oils used for these bases are clearly iden8fied and will be familiar to perfume wearers. These fragrances must be applied with the finger8ps or with a roller ball and are not available in spray-on form. • Ethyl Alcohol: The majority of perfumes sold in Western na8ons contain an ethyl alcohol base. Also known as ethanol or pure alcohol, ethyl alcohol vaporizes quickly. It is used in perfume precisely because it acts as a carrier for a perfume compound but dissolves quickly on the skin. Some organic perfumes use a denatured alcohol in place of ethyl alcohol due to concerns about the safety of ethanol-based products. • Coumarin: It is used to enhance aroma in both perfumes and tobacco products. This chemical may be produced synthe8cally or may be sourced from cassia bark, sweet grass, and some beans. Coumarin has a slightly sweet scent of its own that boosts that overall scent profile of other ingredients, especially spices and musks.