RESEARCH METHODOLOGY: INSTRUMENT DEVELOPMENT Development and psychometric appraisal of the Pain Management Self-Efficacy Questionnaire John Rey B. Macindo 1 | Christian Albert F. Soriano 1 | Harvey Ross M. Gonzales 1 | Paul Julius T. Simbulan 1 | Gian Carlo S. Torres 1 | Jocelyn C. Que 2,3 1 College of Nursing, University of Santo Tomas, Manila, Philippines 2 Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Santo Tomas, Manila, Philippines 3 Pain Management and Palliative Care Unit, University of Santo Tomas Hospital, Manila, Philippines Correspondence John Rey B. Macindo, College of Nursing, University of Santo Tomas, Manila, Philippines. Emails: janrei.masindo@gmail.com and johnreymasindo@yahoo.co.uk Funding information This research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. Abstract Aim: The aim of this study was to develop and psychometrically evaluate the Pain Management Self-Efficacy Questionnaire. Background: Pain management competence and confidence are important in ren- dering safe and effective patient care. However, there is a lack of psychometrically sound instruments measuring pain management self-efficacy. Design: Triphasic, prospective psychometric study. Method: A 55-item Pain Management Self-Efficacy Questionnaire was initially developed after extensive theoretical and literature review. The questionnaire was evaluated by content experts for content validity and a consensus was achieved after two iterations. After pretesting, the Pain Management Self-Efficacy Question- naire was distributed to 420 randomly selected pre-graduate student nurses and registered nurses from a nursing institution and a tertiary hospital. Data collection was conducted from January 2015 - 2016. Assessment parameters included basic item analysis, reliability analysis, floor and ceiling effects and construct validity using factor analysis and “known groups” technique. Replication analyses scrutinized two random halves of the sample. Results: The initial 55-item questionnaire was reduced to 42 items after two iterations of validation. After preliminary factor analyses, the Pain Management Self-Efficacy Questionnaire was reduced to 21 items. Final factor analysis produced a three-factor model: Comprehensive, Evaluative and Supplemental Pain Manage- ment Self-Efficacy. Construct validation using Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney tests showed group differences according to years of clinical experience and receipt of pain management training. Conclusion: The 21-item Pain Management Self-Efficacy Questionnaire demon- strated satisfactory psychometric properties and can be used to measure pain man- agement self-efficacy among nurses. Nevertheless, further psychometric validation is warranted accounting differences in culture and clinical practices. KEYWORDS instrument development, pain management, Pain Management Self Efficacy Questionnaire, pain management self-efficacy, registered nurses, student nurses Accepted: 21 March 2018 DOI: 10.1111/jan.13582 J Adv Nurs. 2018;74:1993–2004. wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/jan © 2018 John Wiley & Sons Ltd | 1993