www.postersession.com Tooth be told: A preliminary investigation of dental morphological variation among medieval Polish populations Victoria Swenson 1 , Anna Spinek 2 , Krzysztof Tunia 3 1 Department of Anthropology, University of Nevada, Reno, United States; 2 Department of Anthropology, Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland 3 Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Igołomia, Poland Introduction The Medieval to Early Modern Period (10 th c.- 17 th c. A.D.) throughout Poland was characterized by migration, increased urbanization, economic and religious changes multiculturalism. During this period, craft specialization, interregional trade, and religious freedom led to the development of, and movement to, urbanized centers. Additionally, long term socio-political transformation drew culturally diverse immigrants from across Europe and Asia (e.g. Armenians, Latvians, Rutenians, Tartars, Scots, Germans, Flemish, Jews, and Mennonites) (Borowy, 1949; Dabrowski, 2014; Davies, 2005; Guldon and Stepkowski, 1982; Guldon,1990; Kopczyński and Tygielski, 2010; Topolski, 1992; Witkowski, 2011). Although the aggrandizement, institutionalization, and urbanization of Poland during the medieval period has been extensively studied using historical (Carter 1994; Dabrowska, 2014; Davies, 2005) and archaeological evidence (Agnew et al. 2010 and Betsinger 2007; Reitsema 2012; Reitsema et al. 2013; Reitsema et al. 2017; Mucha and Piontek 1983; Piontek 1990; Justus 2018), dental morphological data have been underutilized. Most of the previous bioarchaeological studies conducted on Polish populations have focused on cranial variation (Mucha and Piontek 1983; Piontek 1990; Justus 2018). The objective of the present study is to explore dental metric and morphological data using biological distance analysis. Materials & Methods This presentation involves analyses of dental metric and non-metric trait data from human skeletal remains (Table 1, Figure 1). These sites serve to illustrate changes during a period of significant religious, political, and economic changes. Data were collected on the tooth crown and cervical maximum dimensions of permanent teeth (Moorrees 1957; Hillson et al. 2005) and dental morphology (Scott and Irish 2017) from Stręgoborzyce, Pawłów Trzebnicki, Sandomierz, Gubin, and Płońsk. A chi-square analysis was conducted to determine if sex differences exist in the non-metric traits. There were no significant differences between males and females. A correlation to age was not conducted on dental traits because individuals with significantly worn teeth were classified as not observable. However, dental metric measurements correlated with age were removed from the study. Inter-trait correlation was calculated using Kendall’s tau-b rank order correlation coefficient, maxillary premolar accessory cusps and molar crenulations were found to be correlated at r=|0.7| or higher and were removed. A t-test was conducted to determine significant differences between the two sexes. Sexually dimorphic measurements were removed. Thirty-five dental traits and seventeen dental measurements were included in this study (Table 2). Dental morphological data were analyzed using C.A.B. Smith’s Mean Measure of Divergence (MMD). MMD measures dissimilarity; low values indicate similarity whereas high values imply greater phenotypic distances (Irish, 2010:1). Odontometric data were analyzed in RMET (Relethford-Blangero 1990) to estimate levels of gene flow to investigate questions related to human movement. Additionally, Mahalanobis D 2 distance was employed to assess the biological distance between the groups. Table 2. Dental measurements used in the analysis (* significant measurements in MMD) Dental Morphological Traits Winging Distal Accessory Ridge (UC) Parastyle (UM1) Groove Pattern (LM2) Cusp 7 (LM1) Labial Convex (UI1) Midline Diastema Enamel Extension (UM1 )* Distal Trigonid Crest (LM2) Enamel Extension (LM1) Shoveling (UI1) Dental Crowding (UM2) Root Number (UM2) Distal Trigonid Crest (LM1) Three Root (LM1) Double Shoveling (UI1) Dental Crowding (UI2) Root Number (UP3) Anterior Fovea (LM1) Root Number (LC) Interruption Groove (UI2) Metacone (UM3) Congenital Absence/Peg Shape (UM3)* Protostylid (LM1) Congenital Absence (LM3) Tuberculum Dentale (UI2) Hypocone (UM2)* Congenital Absence/Reduced Incisor (UI2) Cusp 5 (LM2) Mesial Ridge (UC) Carabelli (UM1)* Tomes Root (LP3) Cusp 6 (LM1) Dental Measurements U1BL UI1CEJBL UP3MD LCCEJMD LM1BL LI2MD LI2CEJBL LCMD LM1MD LP3BL LP3CEJMD LP3CEJBL UM1MD LM1CEJMD LM1CEJBL UP3BL LP3MD Acknowledgements We would like to thank : 1) G. Richard Scott for his contribution to the field of dental anthropology; 2) Jakub Niebylski, Tomasz Oberc, Natalia Szrama, and Justyna Smolnicka for their assistance in Igołomia; 3) Dr. Marin A. Pilloud and Cassie Skipper for reviewing earlier drafts of this paper; and 4) The Kosciuszko Foundation for their financial support. Results Dental traits showing variation between the five sites were subject to MMD analysis. All five sites were very similar (Table 3) with Pawłow Trzebnicki and Gubin being the most similar. The F ST between all five sites using the RMET program was calculated at (0.14687) indicating low phenotypic variability. Using several dental measurements the R-Matrix analysis found that Gubin and Pawłow have the highest r ii values (Table 4). Relethford (1991) indicates that r ii values are expected to increase as a consequence of genetic drift, which indicates less than average outside contact. By contrast, the r ii values indicate that the Sandomierz and Stręgoborzyce have greater levels of external gene flow. The Mahalanobis D 2 results show that Stręgoborzyce and Pawłów Trzebnicki are the most similar followed by Stręgoborzyce and Sandomeriz (Table 5, Figure 2). The biological distance analyses suggest that groups with small biological distance may be the result of smaller geographic distance between these locales (Table 5). Phenotypic and geographic distances were compared using the Mantel matrix correlation test (Smouse et al., 1986). Results of these tests indicate that dental metric and morphological variation are significantly correlated (r=0.7671106; p-value=.031 and 0.7621667; p- value= .035, respectively) with geographic distance. Table 3. MMD (above diagonal) and geographic distance matrix (below diagonal in km) Gubin Pawłów Płońsk Sandomierz Stręgoborzyce Gubin 0 -0.083 0.002583 0.080615 0.126119 * Pawłów 173 0 0.097873 0.01147 0.07023 Płońsk 394 270 0 0.291787 * 0.211305 * Sandomierz 513 342 240 0 0.015793 Stręgoborzyce 443 272 282 120 0 * Indicates statistically significant Table 4. Relethford-Blangero (1990) analysis within-group phenotypic variance. r ii Observed Expected Residual Gubin 0.303996 0.320 0.805 -0.288 Pawłów 0.173718 0.624 0.722 -0.098 Płońsk 0.117308 0.888 0.608 0.117 Sandomierz 0.077986 0.745 0.771 -0.061 Stręgoborzyce 0.061376 1.150 0.820 0.33 Discussion and Conclusions As demonstrated in the R-matrix analysis, several populations experienced higher levels of gene flow. Poland experienced a significant increase in craft specialization and interregional trade, which led to an increase in trade and market economy. Medieval groups often migrated to take advantage of these new economic opportunities. In contrast, the introduction of the feudal system during the 13 th and 14 th centuries limited the mobility of serfs (Dembińska and Weaver, 1999: 32), suggesting that individuals interred in areas under feudal rule were less mobile. Gubin and Pawłów are located in the Silesian region. Silesia is a region along the southwestern border, and Silesian cities came under feudal control earlier than neighboring cities to the east. Additionally, the Mantel results suggest that geographic distances influence the biological distances between these samples. Further investigations should include cranial data to capture the full range of variation that exists within these populations. Table 5. Mahalanobis distance matrix (above diagonal) and geographic distance (below diagonal in km.). Gubin Pawłów Płońsk Sandomierz Stręgoborzyce Gubin 0 0.773434 0.438207 0.537468 0.537515 Pawłów 173 0 0.408815 0.238598 0.07023 Płońsk 394 270 0 0.27937 0.537515 Sandomierz 513 342 240 0 0.094517 Stręgoborzyce 443 272 282 120 0 Table 1. Archaeological sites used in this study. Population Voivodeship n (Dental Morphology) n (Dental Metrics) Time Period Settlement Type Św. Jakub, Sandomierz Małopolska 43 39 10-12 th c. A.D. City Stręgoborzyce 38 Małopolska 123 119 11-13 th c. A.D. Village Płońsk Mazovia 63 50 11-12 th c. A.D. Village Św.Trócy , Gubin Silesia 42 42 13-15 th c. A.D. City Pawłow Trzebnicki Silesia 51 32 15-16 th c. A.D. Village Total 292 282 References Agnew AM, Betsinger TK, Justus HJ. 2010. A comparison of traumatic injury patterns between a rural and a urban population from medieval Poland. Anth Review 77 (2):189-200. http://slavia.org/posters/2010_ppa.pdf Betsinger TK. 2007. The biological consequences of urbanization in medieval Poland: The Ohio State University. 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