Making Medicines is carefully researched and deeply archival. Even its appendices put those qualities on display. They include not only a list of books dispatched from Spain to Lima toward the end of the seventeenth century but also – of use not only to area specialists but also to scholars of the early modern drugs trade more gener- ally – an extensive list of the materia medica that circulated in the Spanish Atlantic. If there were a criticism to make, it is that key concepts in the history of science and medicine which bear directly on the material in question and which figure prominently in Newson’s discussion remain underdeveloped. The author draws heavily on the idea of the ‘medical marketplace’ and, although well aware of the pit- falls of such a framing (see the discussion on pp. 175–8), Newson’s analysis tends to suppose that patients’ choices concerning medical treatment amounted to mutually exclusive therapeutic decisions (so the licensed apothecary before and often instead of the unlettered healer). The book is also essentialist in its handling of concepts like ‘science’, ‘experience’, ‘experimentation’ and ‘empiricism’, the meanings of which are treated as self-evident rather than historicised. What, if anything, these things might have meant to apothecaries and their patients in sixteenth- and seventeenth-century Lima is unclear. These and other questions may linger. But that is part of the value of Newson’s book. Thanks to Making Medicines, scholars can now approach such issues with far greater clarity and specificity than they could have otherwise. The book will be a key point of reference for future studies not only on the Viceroyalty of Peru but in colonial Latin America. doi:10.1017/S0022216X1900021X Gary Urton, Inka History in Knots: Reading Khipus as Primary Sources (Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, 2017), pp. xvii + 293, $27.95, pb. Christopher Heaney Pennsylvania State University Gary Urton’s new book opens with a thrilling claim: that he is attempting a history of the Inka empire that ‘[f]or the first time’ is ‘based on primary sources: the khi- pus’, the spun and plied cords whose knots, pendant strands and colours recorded the tributary obligations, social relationships and lives of the inhabitants of the lar- gest native polity in the history of the Americas (p. 3, emphasis mine). If anyone can begin so boldly it is Urton, for whom this work brings together 25 years of study of 544 of the 923 Inka-era khipus reported in public museums and private collections worldwide. And it is this reviewer’s happy duty to report that he makes his case. Over and over again, Urton reveals unheralded ways in which Inka khipukamayuqs, the makers and readers of khipus, knotted the lives and labour of their Andean subjects. Journal of Latin American Studies 235 terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022216X19000221 Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. University of Texas Libraries, on 14 Mar 2019 at 17:05:10, subject to the Cambridge Core