اﻟﻤﺠﻠﺔ اﻷ ردﻧﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﻠﻮم اﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻳﺔ، ﻣﺠﻠﺪ14 ، ﻋﺪد3 ، 2018 ، 239 - 252 239 أﺛﺮ ﺗﺪرﻳﺲ اﻟﻌﻠﻮم ﺑﺎﻻﺳﱰاﺗﻴﺠﻴﺎت اﳌﺤﻔﺰة ﻟﻠﺘﺸﻌﺐ اﻟﻌﺼﺒﻲ ﻓﻲ أداء ﻃﻠﺒﺔ اﻟﺼﻒ اﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺘﻐﲑي ﺳﻌﺔ اﻟﺬاﻛﺮة اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ اﻟﺒﺼﺮﻳﺔ اﳌﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ و اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ اﻟﻠﻔﻈﻴﺔ ﺧﺪﻳﺠﺔ اﻟﺒﻠﻮﺷﻴﺔ * ﺳﻠﻴﻤﺎن اﻟﺒﻠﻮﺷﻲ ** ﻋﺒﺪاﻟﻠﻪ أﻣﺒﻮﺳﻌﻴﺪي ** ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ ﺗﺴﻠﻢ اﻟﺒﺤﺚ21 / 12 / 2017 ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ ﻗﺒﻮﻟﻪ12 / 4 / 2018 ﻣﻠﺨـــــﺺ: ﻫـــــﺪ ﻓﺖ اﻟﺪراﺳـــــﺔ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﻴـــــﺔ إﻟـــــﻰ اﻟﻜﺸـــــﻒ ﻋـــــﻦ أﺛﺮ ﺗـــــﺪرﻳﺲ اﻟﻌﻠـــــﻮم ﻓـــﻲ أداء ﺑﺎﻻﺳــﺘﺮاﺗﻴﺠﻴﺎت اﻟﻤﺤﻔــﺰة ﻟﻠﺘﺸـــﻌﺐ اﻟﻌﺼــﺒﻲ ﻃﻠﺒــﺔ اﻟﺼـــﻒ اﻟﺜــﺎﻣﻦ ﻓـــﻲ ﻣﺘﻐﻴــﺮي ﺳــﻌﺔ اﻟــﺬاﻛﺮة اﻟﺒﺼــﺮﻳﺔ اﻟﻤﻜﺎﻧﻴــﺔ واﻟــﺬاﻛﺮة اﻟﻠﻔﻈﻴــﺔ، ﺣﻴــﺚ ﺗــﻢ اﺳــﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻤـــــﻨﻬﺞ ﺷـــــﺒﻪ اﻟﺘﺠﺮﻳﺒـــــﻲ، اﻟـــــﺬي ﺗﻀـــــﻤ ﻦ ﻣﺠﻤـــــﻮﻋﺘﻴﻦ ﺗﺠـــــﺮﻳﺒﻴﺘﻴﻦ وﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋـــــﺔ ﺿــﺎﺑﻄﺔ ، و ﺗﻤﺜﻠــﺖ اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋــﺔ اﻟﺘﺠﺮﻳﺒﻴــﺔ اﻷوﻟــﻰ ﻓــﻲ اﻟﻄﻠﺒــﺔ اﻟــﺬﻳﻦ ﺗــﻢ ﺗﺪرﻳﺴــﻬﻢ ﺑﺎﺳـــﺘﺨﺪام أرﺑـــﻊ اﺳـــﺘﺮاﺗﻴﺠﻴﺎت ﻣﺤﻔـــﺰة ﻟﻠﺘﺸـــﻌﺐ اﻟﻌﺼـــﺒﻲ؛ و اﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴـــﺮ اﻻﻓﺘﺮاﺿـــﻲ، وﺗﻄﺒﻴـــﻖ اﻷﻧﻈﻤـــﺔ اﻟﺮﻣﺰﻳـــﺔ، وﺗﺤﻠﻴـــﻞ وﺟﻬـــﺔ اﻟﻨﻈـــﺮ، و اﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴـــﻞ اﻟﺸـــﺒﻜﻲ، ﺑﻴﻨﻤـــﺎ ﺗﻤﺜﻠـــﺖ اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋـــﺔ اﻟﺘﺠﺮﻳﺒﻴـــﺔ اﻟ ﺜﺎﻧﻴـــﺔ ﻓـــﻲ اﻟﻄﻠﺒـــﺔ اﻟـــﺬﻳﻦ ﺗـــﻢ ﺗﺪرﻳﺴـــﻬﻢ ﺑـــﻨﻔﺲ اﻻﺳــــﺘﺮاﺗﻴﺠﻴﺎت ﺑﺎﻻﺳــــﺘﻌﺎﻧﺔ ﺑ ﺎﻟﺤﺎﺳــــﻮب. أﻣــــﺎ اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋــــﺔ اﻟﻀــــﺎﺑﻄﺔ ﻓﻘــــﺪ ﺗــــﻢ ) ﺗﺪرﻳﺴـــﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘـــﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﺘـــﺎدة. وﺗﻜﻮﻧـــﺖ اﻟﻌﻴﻨـــﺔ ﻣـــﻦ197 ﻣـــﻦ ﻃﻠﺒـــﺔ اﻟﺼـــﻒ( اﻟﺜــــﺎﻣﻦ ﻣــــﻦ ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈــــﺔ ﻣﺴــــﻘﻂ. وﻟﻠﺘﺤﻘــــﻖ ﻣــــﻦ أﻫــــﺪاف اﻟﺪراﺳــــﺔ ﺗــــﻢ ﺗﻄﺒﻴــــﻖ اﺧﺘﺒـــﺎر ي ﺳـــﻌﺔ اﻟــــﺬاﻛﺮة اﻟﺒﺼـــﺮﻳﺔ اﻟﻤﻜﺎﻧﻴـــ ﺔ، وﻓﺘــــﺮة اﻻﺳـــﺘﻤﺎع ﻗﺒﻠﻴـــﺎ وﺑﻌــــﺪﻳﺎ. ﻛﺸــﻔﺖ اﻟﻨﺘــﺎﺋﺞ ﻇﻬــﻮر ﻓــﺮوق داﻟــﺔ إﺣﺼــﺎﺋﻴﺎ ﻓــﻲ أداء اﻟﻄﻠﺒــﺔ ﻓــﻲ اﺧﺘﺒــﺎر ﺳــﻌﺔ اﻟـــﺬاﻛﺮة اﻟﺒﺼـــﺮﻳﺔ اﻟﻤﻜﺎﻧﻴـــﺔ ﻟﺼـــﺎﻟﺢ اﻟﻤﺠﻤـــﻮﻋﺘﻴﻦ اﻟﺘﺠـــﺮﻳﺒﻴﺘﻴﻦ ، ﺑﻴﻨﻤـــﺎ ﻟـــﻢ ﺗﻈﻬـــﺮ ﻓﺮوق داﻟﺔ إﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻌﺔ اﻟﺬاﻛﺮة اﻟﻠﻔﻈﻴﺔ. ) اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎت اﻟﻤﻔﺘﺎﺣﻴﺔ: اﻟﺘﺸﻌﺐ اﻟﻌﺼﺒﻲ، ﺳﻌﺔ اﻟﺬاﻛﺮة اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ اﻟﺒﺼﺮﻳﺔ اﻟﻤﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ، ﺳﻌﺔ اﻟﺬاﻛﺮة اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ اﻟﻠﻔﻈﻴﺔ، اﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺮ اﻻﻓﺘﺮاﺿﻲ، ﺗﻌﻠﻢ اﻟﻌﻠﻮم، اﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﺸﺒﻜﻲ.( ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ: ﻻ ﺷﻚ أن اﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻌﻢ اﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮة اﻟﺘﻲ أﻧﻌﻢ ﺑﻬﺎ اﻟﻠﻪ ﺳﺒﺤﺎﻧﻪ وﺗﻌﺎﻟﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻹﻧﺴﺎن، وﻣﺎ ﻳﻤﻴﺰ ﻋﺼﺮﻧﺎ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﻲ ﻫﻮ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ اﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮات اﻟﺤﺎدﺛﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ اﻟﻤﺠﺎﻻت ا ﻟﺤﻴﺎﺗﻴﺔ وﻣﺎ أﻓﺮزﺗﻬﺎ ﻫﺬه اﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮات ﻣﻦ اﻣﺘﻼك اﻟﻔﺮد ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺎت اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ واﻗﺘﺼﺎدﻳﺔ وﺗﺮﺑﻮﻳﺔ، ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﻟﻢ ﻳﻌﺪ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎرف واﻟﻤﻬﺎرات ﻛﺎﻓﻴﺎ ﻟﺘﺠﺎوز ﻫﺬه اﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺎت ﺑﻘﺪر أﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺗﻮﻇﻴﻒ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻤﻌﺎرف واﻟﻤﻬﺎرات واﺳﺘﻐﻼل اﻟﻘﺪرات اﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻮاﻗﻒ اﻟﺤﻴﺎﺗﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ، ﻣﻦ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻇﻬﺮت اﻟﺤﺎﺟﺔ إ ﻟﻰ إﻋﺪاد اﻟﻔﺮد اﻹﻋﺪاد اﻷﻧﺴﺐ اﻟﺬي ﺗﻔﻌﻴﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻟﺪﻳﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺪرات وﻃﺎﻗﺎت ﺟﺴﺪﻳﺔ وﻋﻘﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻪ ؛ ﻟﺬا ﻓﻘﺪ اﺗﺠﻬﺖ اﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎت ﺑﺼﻮرة ﻋﺎﻣﺔ واﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎت اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﺑﺼﻮرة ﺧﺎﺻﺔ إﻟﻰ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ذﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﺗﻨﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﻘﺪرات اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ واﻹﻣﻜﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻜﺎﻣﻨﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻤﺘﻠﻜﻬﺎ اﻟﻔ ﺮد ﺑﻄﺮق ﺷﺘﻰ. و ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﻘﺪ أﺧﺬت اﻻﺗﺠﺎﻫﺎت اﻟﺒﺤﺜﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﺎﺻﺮة ﻣﻨﺤﻰ اﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎم ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻬﺎرات اﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺤﺪث ﻓﻲ دﻣﺎغ اﻟﻔﺮد ﺣﺘﻰ ﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻤﻪ ذ ا ﻣﻌﻨﻰ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ، ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ أن ﻳﺴﺘﺪﻋﻴﻪ وﻳﻮﻇﻔﻪ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻮاﻗﻒ اﻟﺤﻴﺎﺗﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ؛ ﻓﻈﻬﺮت ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺎت ﺗﻌﻨﻰ ﺑﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ رﺑﻂ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﻣﻊ اﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﻴﺔ واﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎت اﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻢ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺪﻣﺎغ، وأﺻﺒﺤﺖ أﺑﺤﺎث اﻟﺪﻣﺎغ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻘﺪم ﺳﺮﻳﻊ وذﻟﻚ ﻹﻧﺘﺎج أﻓﻜﺎر وﺑﺪاﺋﻞ ﻟﻔﻬﻢ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺘﻲ اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ واﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﺑﻄﺮق ﺟﺪﻳﺪة(The Royal Society, 2011) ، واﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﻴﺔ ________________________ * وزارة اﻟﺘﺮﺑﻴﺔ واﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ، ﺳﻠﻄﻨﺔ ﻋ ﻤﺎن. ** ﻗﺴﻢ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻫﺞ واﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺲ، ﻛﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﺮﺑﻴﺔ، ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ اﻟﺴﻠﻄﺎن ﻗﺎﺑﻮس،  ﺳﻠﻄﻨﺔ ﻋ ﻤﺎن. © ﺣﻘﻮق اﻟﻄﺒﻊ ﻣﺤﻔﻮﻇﺔ ﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺔ اﻟﻴﺮﻣﻮك، إ رﺑﺪ، اﻷردن. The Impact of Teaching Science by Strategies that Stimulate Neural Branching on Eighth Grade Student's Performance in Visuospatial and Verbal Working Memory Capacities Khadija Al Balushi, Ministry of Education.Oman. Sulaiman AL Balushi and Abdullah Ambusaedy, College of Education, Sultan Qaboos University, Oman. Abstract: The purpose of this study was to reveal the effect of teaching science using strategies that stimulate neural branching on visuospatial and verbal working memory capacities. The study sample consisted of (197) students divided into two experimental groups and a control group. The first experimental group was taught using strategies that stimulate neural branching: hypothetical thinking, application of symbol systems, analysis of point view, and web analysis, while the second experimental group was taught using the same strategies supported by technology. However, the control group was taught using conventional instruction. To answer the research questions "odd one out "and "recall listening span" tests were used. The results showed significant differences in the visuospatial working memory capacity in favor of the experimental groups. There were no significant differences between the groups in the verbal working memory. (Keywords: Neural Branching, Visuospatial Working Memory Capacity, Verbal Working Memory Capacity, Hypothetical Thinking, Science Learning, Web Analysis). ﻫﻲ إﺣﺪى ﻫﺬه اﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﺎﻣﺖ ﺑﺎﻟﺠﻤﻊ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺑﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﺬات وﻣﺎ ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻨﻪ ﻣﻦ إﻣﻜﺎﻧﺎت ﻋﻘﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﺎﺋﻘﺔ، وﺑﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﻮاﻗﻊ ﺑﻤﺎ ﻳﺸﻤﻠﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺎت ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت، ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ اﻟﻔﺮد ﻟﻤﺎ ﻳﻌﺘﺮﺿﻪ إﻟﻰ رﻣﻮز وﺗﻤﺜﻴﻼت ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻴﺔ، واﻟﻮﺻﻮل إﻟﻰ ﻧﺘﺎﺟﺎت ذات ﻣﻌﻨﻰ ﻣﻌﺘﻤﺪا ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻨﺸﻴﻂ وﺻﻼت اﻷﻋﺼﺎ ب اﻟﺪﻣﺎﻏﻴﺔ، ﺣﻴﺚ أن ﻗﻮة اﻟﺪﻣﺎغ وﻣﺪى ﻓﺎﻋﻠﻴﺘﻪ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﺑﺼﻮرة ﻛﺒﻴﺮة ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪد اﻟﻮﺻﻼت ﺑﻴﻦ ﺧﻼﻳﺎه(Jasdzewski, 2000) .