ARTICLE IN PRESS Fostering constructive cognitive and metacognitive activity in computer-based complex task training environments Haydee M. Cuevas a , Stephen M. Fiore a,b, *, Clint A. Bowers a , Eduardo Salas b a Team Performance Laboratory, University of Central Florida, 12424 Research Parkway, Room 408, Orlando, FL 32826, USA b Institute for Simulation and Training, 3280 Progress Drive, Orlando, FL 32826, USA Abstract In this paper, we describe the results of our programmatic research efforts aimed at inves- tigating the use of interactive computer-based training technology to support knowledge acquisition and integration for complex task training environments. We present the theore- tical rationale for our efforts and briefly describe the successive iterations of our investigation. Based upon the significant findings in our studies, we then present, within the following areas, a set of propositions for the design and evaluation of computer-based training programs for complex systems: (1) Diagrams and knowledge integration; (2) Multimedia and training evaluation; (3) Mental model development and training evaluation; (4) Instructional efficiency and training evaluation; (5) Fostering constructive metacognitive processes; (6) Supporting individual differences in ability. These propositions are presented in the context of the related theoretical rationale drawn from the literature and the relevant empirical support from the body of research conducted within our collective research efforts. # 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Keywords: Computer-based training; Knowledge acquisition; Mental models; Metacognition; Diagrams; Card sorts; Individual differences 1. Theoretical overview Personnel in industry and the military face an increasing amount of complex sys- tems composed of tasks requiring one to deal with a multitude of interacting vari- Computers in Human Behavior & (&&&&) &–& www.elsevier.com/locate/comphumbeh 0747-5632/$ - see front matter # 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2003.10.016 * Corresponding author. Tel.: +1-407-384-2098; fax: +1-407-384-2899. E-mail address: sfiore@ucf.edu (S.M. Fiore).