Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Learning, Culture and Social Interaction journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/lcsi Dual-eye-tracking Vygotsky: A microgenetic account of a teaching/ learning collaboration in an embodied-interaction technological tutorial for mathematics Anna Shvarts a, ⁎ ,1 , Dor Abrahamson b a Lomonosov Moscow State University, Mokhovaya st., 11, bl. 9, Moscow, 125009, Russia b University of California, Berkeley, Graduate School of Education, 2121 Berkeley Way, Office 4110, Berkeley, CA 94720-1670, United States of America ARTICLEINFO Keywords: Attentional anchor Dual eye-tracking (DUET) Joint attention Mathematics education Micro-zone of proximal development Teaching/learning process ABSTRACT Vygotsky conceptualized the teaching/learning process as inherently collaborative. We extend prior evaluations of this claim by enlisting eye-tacking instruments to monitor the perceptual activity of four teacher–student dyads, as the student solves a challenging manipulation problem designed to ground the scientific notion of parabolas in their new sensorimotor routines. Analyzing each dyad’s gaze paths led us to model the teaching/learning process as the emergence and dynamic transformation of intersubjective coupling between the student and tutor percep- tion–action systems. While the student’s sensory-motor coordination gradually gravitates toward an effective routine, the tutor’s perception is iteratively launched from the student’s current action, until the tutor detects an optimal moment for verbal intervention. In this micro-zone of proximal development, the student’s motor action comes to align with the tutor’s cultural-per- spective strategy. Our elaboration of the cultural–historical approach to teaching/learning draws on research on joint attention and joint action from the cognitive sciences as well as the em- bodied-design approach from the educational sciences and demonstrates a compatibility of Vygotsky’s heritage and complex dynamic systems theory. Finally, we discuss the educational value of the observed student–tutor intersubjective coupling phenomena, thus grounding the contribution of this multidisciplinary study within educational concerns. 1. Overview The objective of this study is to contribute to a better understanding of the teaching/learning process. Our approach is to evaluate and elaborate on Vygotsky’s historical assertion that learning is a student and a teacher’s irreducibly collaborative achievement, through which the student develops existing naive forms of perceiving and acting on the environment into cultural forms (Vygotsky, 1935/2001). One major challenge of this enduring effort to evaluate Vygotsky’s model has been the lack of research instruments for making evident how the student and tutor are perceiving the world as they act upon it. Now, almost a century since Vygotsky first articulated his model, we are equipped with technological instruments and analytic methodology for tracking people’s gaze direction at a high sampling frequency and searching for patterns in this sensory activity as they relate to co-performed physical actions. Recent https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lcsi.2019.05.003 Received 28 November 2018; Received in revised form 21 April 2019; Accepted 8 May 2019 ⁎ Corresponding author. E-mail addresses: a.y.shvarts@uu.nl (A. Shvarts), dor@berkeley.edu (D. Abrahamson). 1 Currently works at: Freudenthal Institute for Science and Mathematics Education, Utrecht University, PO Box 85.170, 3508 AD Utrecht, the Netherlands. Learning, Culture and Social Interaction 22 (2019) 100316 2210-6561/ © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. T