Book Reviews 607 gymnasium. Christian youth attended it in large and increasing numbers. Use of Ger- man as the instructional language equalized the mostly non-German students, many traveling from afar to this prestigious academy. In 1882, afer the Galician provincial government was secure in Polish hands, the school underwent Utraquisierung, man- dating alternation between German and Polish in the classroom. Brody’s Jewish elites clung to the German language longer than other Galician Jews. But in 1907 Polish became the sole instructional language in Brody’s numerous public schools. Unable to ofcially declare Yiddish a mother tongue, Brody’s Jewish students, like their parents, became ever more inclined toward public identifcation with Polishness. Though a Yiddish-speaking Chassidic subculture fourished, in the political sphere it was Zionists who arose to challenge the maskilim. Also, among Poles and Ukrainians antagonisms grew bitter especially between Ruthenian Russo- philes (unusually strong in Brody) and Ukrainophiles. In contrast to such new po- litical conficts, Kuzmany emphasizes Christian-Jewish comity and collaboration in urban afairs and education. In the 1890s, 58 percent of elementary schoolchildren spoke two or more languages (including Yiddish). Yet the reader gains little sense of Christian Brodyites’ subjective self-understanding. The book also examines travelers’ accounts, entertaining but distorted by preju- dices, including those of Honoré de Balzac, who expressed typical western supercil- iousness over eastern backwardness, inclining to blame it on the ubiquitous “vrais talmudistes” (209). Though Kuzmany fnesses the point, such accounts cannot weigh the merits of widespread stereotypes of “Galician misery.” Similarly, it is unsurpris- ing that post-1945 memory-books of Jews, Poles, and Ukrainians virtually air-brush each other out of a common history. Kuzmany’s thesis that Brody gradually “galicianized” (330) itself through Jewish elites’ self-Polonization seems questionable. He identifes the “problem” (328) Brody poses as the Jewish elites’ long allegiance, strengthened by staunch Germanophile Judaism, to an idealized multicultural Habsburg monarchy. The Brody Jews, trapped in an increasingly ominous Polish-Ukrainian confict, fnally sought escape from this irresolvable dilemma by bowing to Galicia’s Polish overlords. Yet, as Larry Wolf has shown in his Idea of Galicia (2010), provincialized na- tionality confict pitting Poles against Ukrainians, and leaving Jews to face impos- sible choices, was the negation of a Habsburg-invented Galicia symbolizing multicul- turalism under benevolent dynasts spreading enlightenment and social well-being through imperial institutions rooted in German culture. In this light, one may con- clude that Brody’s Jewish elites were perhaps the frst and last Galicians. Their self- Polonization was a strategic—if not self-deceiving—ofer of marriage to a deeply am- bivalent suitor. William W. Hagen University of California, Davis Barricades and Banners: The Revolution of 1905 and the Transformation of Warsaw Jewry. By Scott Ury. Stanford Studies in Jewish History and Culture. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2012. xxvii, 415 pp. Appendix. Notes. Bibli- ography. Chronology. Glossary. Index. Illustrations. Photographs. Table. Maps. $60.00, hard bound. In his Barricades and Banners, Scott Ury follows in the footsteps of his illustrious mentors, Ezra Mendelsohn and the late Jonathan Frankel. While his teachers, each in his own way, dealt with the “what?” of Jewish politics, Ury carries their work fur-