Detecting and measuring holes in Wireless Sensor Network S.M. Koriem, M.A. Bayoumi ⇑ Systems and Computers Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, AL-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt article info Article history: Received 27 January 2018 Revised 18 July 2018 Accepted 1 August 2018 Available online xxxx Keywords: Wireless Sensor Networks WSN holes coverage Hole detection abstract Area detection and measuring is one of the most important problems in Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) because it mainly relates to the continuity and functionality of most routing protocols applied to the Region of Interest (ROI). Electronics failure, random deployment of nodes, software errors or some phe- nomena such as fire spreading or water flood could lead to wide death of sensor nodes. The damage on ROI can be controlled by detecting and calculating the area of the holes, resulting from the damaged sen- sor networks. In this paper, a new mathematical algorithm, Wireless sensor Hole Detection algorithm (WHD), is developed to detect and calculate the holes area in ROI where the sensor nodes are spread ran- domly. WHD is developed for achieving Quality of Service (QoS) in terms of power consumption and aver- age hole detection time. The dynamic behavior of the proposed WHD depends on executing the following steps. Firstly, WHD algorithm cuts down the ROI into many cells using the advantage of the grid construc- tion to physically partition the ROI into many small individual cells. Secondly, WHD algorithm works on each cell individually by allocating the nearest three sensor nodes to each of the cell’s coordinates by comparing their positions, WHD connects each cell’s coordinate points with the selected sensor nodes by lines which construct a group of triangles, then WHD calculates the area of upcoming triangles. Repeating the previous step on all the cells, WHD can calculate and locate each hole in the ROI. The per- formance evaluation depends on the NS-2 Simulator as a simulation technique to study and analyze the performance of WHD algorithm. Results show that WHD outperforms, in terms of average energy con- sumption and average hole discovery time, Path Density algorithm (PD), novel Coverage Hole Discovery Algorithm (VCHDA) and Distriputed Coverage Hole Detection (DCHD). Ó 2018 Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of King Saud University. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Contents 1. Introduction .......................................................................................................... 00 2. Related work.......................................................................................................... 00 3. Contributions of the proposed research work ............................................................................... 00 4. Modeling assumption and problem goals ................................................................................... 00 4.1. Modeling assumption ............................................................................................. 00 4.2. Problem goals ................................................................................................... 00 4.3. Definitions ...................................................................................................... 00 5. The proposed WHD algorithm............................................................................................ 00 5.1. Grid formation phase ............................................................................................. 00 5.2. Hole detection phase.............................................................................................. 00 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksuci.2018.08.001 1319-1578/Ó 2018 Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of King Saud University. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). ⇑ Corresponding author. E-mail address: Bayoumi_m@hotmail.com (M.A. Bayoumi). Peer review under responsibility of King Saud University. Production and hosting by Elsevier Journal of King Saud University – Computer and Information Sciences xxx (2018) xxx–xxx Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of King Saud University – Computer and Information Sciences journal homepage: www.sciencedirect.com Please cite this article in press as: Koriem, S.M., Bayoumi, M.A. Detecting and measuring holes in Wireless Sensor Network. Journal of King Saud University – Computer and Information Sciences (2018), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksuci.2018.08.001