Waiting for the flood: technocratic time
and impending disaster in the Himalayas
Karine Gagné, PhD Assistant Professor, Department of Sociology and Anthropology,
University of Guelph, Canada
A landslide occurred in the region of Zanskar in the Indian Himalayas in 2015, damming the
Tsarap River, creating a lake that effectively became a ticking time bomb, threatening villagers
downstream. During the period between the discovery of the natural dam and the bursting of
the lake, the state’s approach to disaster management plunged the local population into a situ-
ation where ‘technocratic time’ ruled, as government experts handled the impending disaster at
a rhythm dictated by the production of studies and reports. Analysis of the temporality of dis-
aster mitigation and preparedness measures during this anticipated flood, as well as of the factors
that surrounded the events, reveals how attitudes towards the state shaped people’s perceptions
of these interventions. In Zanskar, the technocratic pace and the state’s lack of transparency were
seen as a form of oppression that further marginalised the region, in particular by subjecting its
population to the process of waiting.
Keywords: anticipation, flood, Himalayas, India, preparedness, temporality
Introduction
Floodwater swept down the Tsarap River
1
in Zanskar
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in the Indian Himalayas on
7 May 2015, washing away dozens of bridges, irrigation canals, and a school. The
disaster was not unexpected, though: authorities had known for months that a land-
slide had created a natural dam upstream and that it would burst with the onset of
spring. Television media aired self-congratulatory declarations by representatives of
the federal National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA), who implied that the
absence of casualties was attributable to the efforts of the agency. The inhabitants
of Zanskar, however, took a different view: the flood and its destruction of local
infrastructure were the result of the state ‘taking its time’, as it always had when
attending to the population of Zanskar, on the far-flung periphery of the Indian state.
The high-altitude Himalayan region of Zanskar is located in the Ladakh region of
eastern Jammu and Kashmir State (see Figure 1). Its terrain is as rugged as its winter
climate is harsh. Zanskar is an administrative subdivision of Kargil, one of Ladakh’s
two districts; the other being Leh. Group identities in the region are complex. The
vast majority of Zanskarpas, as the people of the region are known, do not iden-
tify with those administrative divisions. Zanskar’s majority Buddhist population is a
minority within the broader majority Muslim population of Kargil;
3
the population
of Leh is majority Buddhist. In terms of cultural and religious identity, therefore,
most Zanskarpas feel more affinity with Leh (or Ladakh, which they commonly use
as a metonym for Leh District) than with Kargil.
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doi:10.1111/disa.12379
Disasters, 2019, 43(4): 840-866. © 2019 The Author Disasters © 2019 Overseas Development Institute