GORDON • GLOBAL ETHICS AND PRINCIPLISM
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Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal Vol. 21, No. 3, 251–276 © 2011 by The Johns Hopkins University Press
John-Stewart Gordon
Global Ethics and Principlism
ABSTRACT. This article examines the special relation between common mo-
rality and particular moralities in the four-principles approach and its use for
global ethics. It is argued that the special dialectical relation between common
morality and particular moralities is the key to bridging the gap between ethical
universalism and relativism. The four-principles approach is a good model for a
global bioethics by virtue of its ability to mediate successfully between univer-
sal demands and cultural diversity. The principle of autonomy (i.e., the idea of
individual informed consent), however, does need to be revised so as to make it
compatible with alternatives such as family- or community-informed consent. The
upshot is that the contribution of the four-principles approach to global ethics
lies in the so-called dialectical process and its power to deal with cross-cultural
issues against the background of universal demands by joining them together.
INTRODUCTION
I
n his landmark article “How Medicine Saved the Life of Ethics” (1982),
Stephen Toulmin persuasively argues that (serious) problems cannot be
solved by mere rationalistic approaches in ethics and that ethics was
eventually saved by dint of having to deal with vital questions and concrete
problems in medicine. Whether one is a proponent of, for example, prin-
ciplism or casuistry, one certainly has to admit that a convincing ethical
theory or method must have practical application. Analogously, it is about
time to consider another vital and prominent issue in normative ethics—the
universalism-relativism debate—that might profit from the bioethical ap-
proach of principlism (otherwise known as the four-principles approach)
that has been developed by Tom L. Beauchamp and James F. Childress
in their seminal book Principles of Biomedical Ethics (2009). In this re-
spect, medicine not only “saved the life of ethics” but eventually saved
the universality of ethics. This article approaches the demands of cultural
diversity with regard to (a) global ethics by examining the dialectical rela-
tion between common morality and particular moralities. Beauchamp and