Beyond Ḥ ala ˉ l and Ḥ ara ˉ m: Ghayra (‘Jealousy’) as a Masculine Virtue in the Work of Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya Marion Holmes Katz, New York University In his comprehensive manual of the Muslim religious life, Ih ̣ ya ˉ ʾ ʿulu ˉ m al-dı ˉ n (‘Revival of the religious sciences’), Abu ˉ Ḥ a ˉ mid al-Ghaza ˉ lı ˉ (d. 1111) describes the etiquette and obligations of marriage. 1 Among the guidelines he sets forth for the pious husband is ‘moderation in jealousy’, which requires that he ‘neither turn a blind eye to the beginnings of matters that are feared to end in calamity, nor go to excess in suspicion, severity and prying into hidden matters’. 2 It is this discussion of the proper parameters of male jealousy that occasions the work’s most extended discussion of women’s mobility and visibility outside of the home. Scholarship on gender and Islam often focuses on the normative rulings of the Sharı ˉ ʿa, which (like the Jewish Halakha) is both ‘legal’, in the sense that its strictures are sometimes enforceable in court, and also broad enough to include rules applicable to private worship and interpersonal conduct. Within the framework of the Sharı ˉ ʿa one may ask, for instance, whether a woman’s visibility in a given public setting is h ̣ ala ˉ l (‘permissible’), h ̣ ara ˉ m (‘forbidden’), or perhaps merely makru ˉ h (‘undesirable’). In this passage, however, al-Ghaza ˉ lı ˉ articulates the boundaries of proper interactions between the sexes not in terms of h ̣ ala ˉ l and h ̣ ara ˉ m but with regard to a gendered emotional trait, jealousy. Nevertheless, jealousy is not a straightforward criterion; rather, proper management of contact between the sexes depends on discerning an elusive boundary between deficient and excessive jealousy. The term that I am translating here as ‘jealousy’ is the Arabic ghayra. Its semantic range corresponds quite closely to that of the English word, understood as a feeling of sexual or romantic possessiveness but also Cultural History 8.2 (2019): 202–225 DOI: 10.3366/cult.2019.0200 © Edinburgh University Press www.euppublishing.com/cult 202