_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ *Corresponding author: Email: Senatorhopsy@yahoo.com; International STD Research & Reviews 6(3): 1-8, 2017; Article no.ISRR.38469 ISSN: 2347-5196, NLM ID: 101666147 Poor Adherence Predictors and Factors Associated with Antiretroviral Treatment Failure among HIV Seropositive Patients in Western Nigeria Saheed Opeyemi Usman 1* , Gbemiga Peter Olubayo 2 , Oluwole Tosin Oluwaniyi 3 , Abayomi Joseph Afe 2 , Ganiyu Babatunde Agboola 1 , Olufunmi Abodunde 3 , Timothy Akinmurele 3 , Olatoun Adeola 3 and Maduakolam Onyema 4 1 Department of Clinical Laboratory Services, Equitable Health Access Initiative, Lagos, Nigeria. 2 Department of Community Medicine, Equitable Health Access Initiative, Lagos, Nigeria. 3 Department of Clinical and Quality Improvement Services, Equitable Health Access Initiative, Lagos, Nigeria. 4 Department of Strategic Knowledge Management, Equitable Health Access Initiative, Lagos, Nigeria. Authors’ contributions This work was carried out in collaboration between all authors. Authors SOU, OTO, GPO, AJA, O. Abodunde, GBA and O. Adeola designed the study, performed the statistical analysis, wrote the protocol, and wrote the first draft of the manuscript. Authors SOU, OTO, GPO, O. Abodunde, TA, O. Adeola, MO and AJA managed the analyses of the study. Authors SOU, OTO, GPO, TA, GBA and MO managed the literature searches. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Article Information DOI: 10.9734/ISRR/2017/38469 Editor(s): (1) Gabriella GD D'ettorre, Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, University of Rome “Sapienza” and Azienda Policlinico Umberto I, Italy. Reviewers: (1) Hendra Van Zyl, South Africa. (2) Sarah Ibrahim, University of Toronto and Western University, Canada. Complete Peer review History: http://www.sciencedomain.org/review-history/22290 Received 28 th November 2017 Accepted 12 th December 2017 Published 14 th December 2017 ABSTRACT Background: The efficiency and success of antiretroviral therapy (ART) depends on a good level of patient’s adherence to a life-long regimen of antiretroviral (ARV) which is beneficial in reducing the risk of emergence of HIV resistant strains. This adherence is however influenced by several Original Research Article