Multicultural Education Volume 5, Issue 1, Winter 2019 ISSN: 10683844 145 The Influence of Cultural Training on Cultural Intelligence: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Diverse Samples Kanjanee Phanphairoj 1 , Chayut Piromsombat 2 Article Info Abstract Article History Received: December 01, 2019 Cultural intelligence is one of the factors that affect people’ ability to perform their duty and role in providing services to people of different nationalities, races, colors, genders, age groups, and religions. The purpose of this study is examine the influence of cultural training on cultural intelligence. The data were collected from the research studies published in Google Scholar, SAGE, Wiley, ScienceDirect, and ProQuest since 2002. The keywords that were used to search the data included cultural competence, cultural intelligence, and cultural adjustment. The analysis results showed that the variance of all effect sizes was moderate (I2 = 7.44%) and the ratio of the total variance to the sample variance was at a relatively low level (H2 = 1.08). The total variance was reported at .001 (S.E. = .004). The distribution of average effect size was homogeneous, considering that Q (df = 22) = 21.26 (p = .50). The results suggested that cultural training has an influence on cultural intelligence in any situation or population types. Therefore the educational institutions should be aware of and understand impacts of multiculturalism in society in order to improve education system. Accepted: December 18, 2019 Keywords cultural training, cultural competence, cultural intelligence, cultural adjustment Introduction The ASEAN Economic Community was established with the aim to promote cooperation with peace, security, economic advancement, and social and cultural development among the ASEAN countries, which will lead to social and cultural diversity that has an impact on education systems, economic systems, and labor migration. Thailand is widely recognized as a medical hub in the ASEAN region, one that provides a variety of healthcare services (Health Service Support Department, 2014). Due to the mutual agreement among the ASEAN countries on employment liberalization, nurses are one of the key professions that are allowed to relocate to other countries within the region (Srisuphan, Lungamonlert, &Sawaengdee, 2013). According to Chotitham and Lilitpasan (2019), Thai students in the field of health science had higher career preparation behavior than other fields. Based on the current situation, it is essential for medical schools to recognize and understand the importance of cultural differences. Campinha-Bacote (2002) and Jeffreys(2010) have stated that cultural ability is one of the factors that affect nurses’ ability to perform their duty in providing health services to people of different backgrounds and cultures. They also suggested that nurses should be supported in terms of developing cultural intelligence in order to perform their role in an efficient way. This is in line with the research results concerning the influence of cultural intelligence on employee performance of Groves and Feyerherm (2011) and Ang, Van Dyne, Koh, Ng, Templer, Tay, and Chandrasekar (2007), which suggests that employees should be encouraged to develop their performance through cultural intelligence enhancement. The cultural ability or cultural competence of nursing students, who are trained to care for all kinds of patients, should reflect an understanding of the values, beliefs, attitudes, lifestyles, and visions of people from different nationalities and awareness of multiculturalism, both at the primary level (nationality, race, color, gender, age, and religion) and the secondary level (education, socio-economic status, occupation, experience, cultural condition, social status, settlement status, obstacles to healthcare access, responsibility for pain, and illness). Cultural intelligence is a variable that is of interest to researchers. There are many research studies, theories, and concepts about cultural intelligence and its relationship with other relevant factors (Oolders, Chernyshenko, & Stark, 2008; Ott, &Michailova, 2018; Rose, Ramalu, & Kumar, 2010). However, there is still a lack of research on the factors contributing to the success of cultural intelligence development. Meta-analysis is considered a modern methodology that is appropriate for studying this topic. Thus, the researchers were interested to study the influence of cultural training on the cultural intelligence of nursing students in order to find empirical evidence for nursing instructors to develop teaching methods and learning management that can help to promote the cultural intelligence of nursing students. The results of this research will be beneficial for developing nursing students’ cultural intelligence in the future. Research Objective