70 khedive Goodbye?). It also highlights the impor- tance of Azerbaijan as a new power base (Durand-Guédy, 1147), and it prefgures the tutelage of the sultanate of Iraq by Ildegiz (Eldigüz) after 555/1160. Bibliography The most detailed accounts on Kh Beg are in Luther, 21–34, and Durand-Guédy, 1147. Clifford Edmund Bosworth, Notes on some Turkish personal names in Seljq military history, Der Islam 89/2 (2012), 97–110; Clif- ford Edmund Bosworth, The political and dynastic history of the Iranian world, in CHIr, 5:1–202; David Durand-Guédy, 1147. The Battle of Qara-Tegin and the rise of Azarbayjan, Der Islam 92/1 (2015), 161–96; David Durand-Guédy, Goodbye to the Türkmens? The military role of nomads in Iran after the Saljq conquest, in Kurt Franz and Wolfgang Holzwarth (eds.), Nomadic military power in Iran and adjacent areas in the Islamic period (Wiesbaden 2015), 107–34; Rashd al-Dn Falallh, Jmi al-tawrkh, ed. Ahmed Ate, Cmi al-tavrh. Metin. II. Cild. 5. Cüz. Selçuklular tarihi, Ankara 1960; Ann K.S. Lambton, Continuity and change in medieval Persia. Aspects of administrative, eco- nomic, and social history, 11th–14th century, New York 1988; Kenneth Alun Luther, The politi- cal transformation of the Seljuq sultanate of Iraq and Western Iran, 1152–1187, Ph.D. diss., Princeton University 1964; ahr al-Dn Nshpr, The Saljqnma of hir al-Dn Nshpr, ed. A. H. Morton, Warminster 2004; Andrew C.S. Peacock, The great Seljuk empire, Edinburgh 2015; Najm al-Dn Qum, Trkh al-vuzar, ed. Muammad Taq Dnishpazhh, Tehran 1985; Faruk Sümer, Ouzlar (Türkmenler). Tarihleri, boy tekilat, destanlar, Ankara 1967; Faruk Sümer, Türk devletleri tarihinde ahs adlar (Istanbul 1999), 2:621–3. David Durand-Guédy Khedive Khedive (Middle Pers. khidev; Mod. Persian khediv; Ott. hidiv, hdv; Ar. khidw[]), “great prince, ruler, master, sovereign,” was a Persian honourifc title of sultans and grand viziers in Ottoman Turk- ish correspondence and poetry, and the imperial rank of the Ottoman governor of Egypt between 1867 and 1914. By the end of the nineteenth century, it was used in the sense of “viceroy of Egypt” in Ara- bic, French, English, and other languages. Khediv in Modern Persian possibly derives from Classical Persian khud-var, “god-like,” that is, “ruler” (Deny, 70, n. 1, based on Vullers, 1:663; cf. also Horn, 104). Both Firdaws (329–411/940–1020) in his Shhnma (ghn-khidv, “lord of the world”) and f (715–92/1315–90) in his poems use this term. It is among the honourifc titles used to refer to the Ottoman sultan in Feridun (Feridn) Bey’s tenth/sixteenth-century manual for Otto- man chancellery writing (Feridun, 3), and was later also applied to Ottoman grand viziers. The term must have been a direct borrowing from Persian. There is no proof that it came to Ottoman Turkish through Arabic (as claims Tietze, 2:314). A sign of the revival of Ottoman-Per- sian culture in Egypt, Muammad Al (Mehmed Ali), governor of Egypt 1805– 48, was addressed by a variety of titles in formal Ottoman writings, including hidiv, dver (Pers., prince), dastr/dustr (Pers. and Ar., here: minister), wal al-niam (Ar., bene- factor). The earliest occurrence of hidiv in an Ottoman text dates to 1240/1824–5, and in an Arabic text to 1245/1829–30 (Deny, 72–3). The highest government unit, housed in the Citadel of Cairo, was called divan-i hidivi, and Muammad Al’s frst government bulletin was titled Jrnl-i Hidivi, while divan-i daveri was the title used to refer to his administration in Alexandria. By the end of the 1850s, khidw/ khudaywiyy became an accepted part of the Arabic ceremonial vocabulary, too, as the