SOUTH SOUTH JOURNAL OF CULTURE AND DEVELOPMENT ISSN 1595 — 0298 VOLUME 21 NO. 1 APRI L, 2019 AN INTERNATIONAL MULTI-DISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF CULTURE AND DEVELOPMENT BOARD OF EDITORS Editor-in-Chief Professor Innocent V. O. Modo Department of Sociology and Anthropology University of Uyo, Nigeria AREAS EDITORS Dr. Mrs. Lea Molapo Department, of Social Anthropology/Sociology National University of Lesotho. P. O. Roma 180. Lesotho Dr. A. Kapungwe Department of Social Development Studies, University of Zambia, Lusaka Dr. (Mrs.) Felicia N. Modo Department of educational foundation/ guidance and counseling, University of Uyo, Nigeria Dr. J. N. Kareithi Department of Anthropology, Moi University Eldoret, Kenya. Dr. Tata Ngenge Simon Department of history, University of Yaounde I, Cameroon. Simukai Shamu Department of community medicine, college of health sciences, University of Zimbabwe Dr. Anthony Afful-Broni Centre for Educational policy studies, University of Education, Winneba, Ghana INTERNATIONAL REVIEW/ADVISORY BOARD Prof. Paul Nkad Mbangwana Prof. Mike De Jongh Prof. Maurice 0. Ebong Prof. D. S. Obikeze Prof. F. W. B. Akuffo Prof. L. B. B. I. Machobane Prof. Bruno L. Dimomfu Prof. E. P. Kibuka Prof. Ajaga Nji Prof. Michael M. Cernea Prof. F. 0. C. Nwonwu Prof. Verkijika Fanso Prof. Paul Nkwi Prof. Victor B. Arnaazee University of Yaounde I, Cameroon University of South Africa, Pretoria University of Calabar, Nigeria University of Nigeria, Nsukka University of Zambia, Lusaka National University of Lesotho, Rorna University of Kinshasa, DRC Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda University of Dscliang. Cameroon The World Bank Washington. DC University of Free State South Africa University of Yaounde I, Canieroon University of Yaounde I, Cameroon University of Yaouiide I, Carneroon South South Journal of Culture and Development Vol. 21 (1) April, 2019 ii