234 Claudia Wiesner, Anna Björk, Hanna-Mari Kivistö, and Katja Mäkinen (Eds.) Shaping Citizenship A Political Concept in Theory, Debate and Practice https://www.routledge.com/Shaping-Citizenship-A-Political-Concept-in-Theory-Debate-and- Practice/Wiesner-Bjork-Kivisto-Makinen/p/book/9781138735989 page 159-174 Chapter 9: Shaping Citizenship Practice through Laws. Rights and Conceptual Innovations in the EU Claudia Wiesner Abstract: The chapter analyses citizenship in the EU as a contested concept. Its aim is to analyse in detail how, and by whom, EU citizenship has been conceptualised and shaped in order to discuss and answer three crucial questions: how can a conceptual innovation, such as Union Citizenship, be filled with meaning and also with a new institutional practice? Which conflicts, actors and strategies are decisive in these processes? And which particular shape does the concept of citizenship take on in the EU, and which new questions does this new shape give rise to? It is shown that EU citizenship, and more particularly, EU citizenship rights were initially based on conceptual innovations have been decisively shaped by a typical interrelation between conceptual innovations, law making, implementation conflicts, and institutional and social practice. Most of the new EU citizenship rights which usually aimed to express some positive and future-oriented meaning. After they had been set down in laws, they needed to be put into practice and hence filled with concrete meaning. In the case of EU citizenship rights, this process has been enhanced by law-making and jurisdiction of the main actors being EU Commission, EU Council, European Parliament and the former European Court of Justice (ECJ). The chapter will exemplify the particularities of these processes with regard to the crucial concepts of non-discrimination and free movement of persons. The concluding part briefly compares the development of EU citizenship to the one in western nation states during their democratisation period and discusses consequences of these differences for citizenship as a concept more generally. Keywords: Citizenship, European Union, Conceptual Innovation, non-discrimination, Free movement, Union Citizenship The development of EU citizenship has been regularly, albeit not too intensively, discussed in recent