Journal of Ethnomedicine and Ethnoecology (2020). 1(1):1-11 1 Ijaz et al., 2020 Human interaction, conflict, threats and role of mammals-A review Shermeen Ijaz 1* , Saba Adil 1 , Hira Aslam 1 , Rimsha Kanwal 1 and Sehrish Afsheen 1 1. Department of Zoology, University of Lahore, Sargodha Campus, Pakistan *Corresponding author e-mail: humanisticprincess20@gmail.com Citation: Ijaz, S., S. Adil, H. Aslam, R. Kanwal, S. Afsheen. 2020. Human interaction, conflict, threats and role of mammals-A review. Journal of Ethnomedicine and Ethnoecology. 1: 1-11. Received: 01, 01, 2020 Accepted: 01, 02, 2020 Published: 01, 03, 2020 Authors’ contributions Project designed by: SI Critically analysis by: SA, HA, RK, SA. ABSTRACT Humans have used mammals and their products from thousands of years ago. Mammals are used for diverse purposes, especially food, medicines, traditional magical as well as religious aspects. Landscape of mammals is degraded for houses, industry and food. These activities are main cause of mammalian species decline. Mammals have adapted new habited and food, but some species are still specialist they are declined very quickly and generalist species less threats because these species can survive with any kind foods and habitats. Ethnomammalogy is the study of human awareness related to mammals; this area of study can improve protection attempt, reason is that it will enhance understanding related to community variation. Keywords: Ethnomammalogy, Medicine, Anthropogenic, Habitat loss. INTRODUCTION In whole world 4763 mammalian species were recorded; out of total 1137 species have threats (IUCN, 2002). Human growth rate was very slow till 19 th century; exponential human growth was recorded in 20 th century. If growth remain consist the human population would be 9.3 by 2050 (Bloom, 2011). High number of people is alarming for diversity because increased human need place, food and medicine (Altaf et al., 2013; Azad et al., 2018; Chughtai et al., 2018). Forests have been converted into agricultural ecosystem during the previous 10,000 years (Bouma and Droogers, 1998). Previous data showed that modern agriculture started in mid 20 th century (Pimentel et al., 2004) and the condition resulted in a conflict between human and wildlife (Henle et al., 2008). Although, the improved yield of agriculture and modern agriculture are the requirements of the present era, but at this time the conservation of species also has same importance. Humans have replaced approximately all kinds of ecosystems and one can never deny their role in conservation (Henle et al., 2008). High growth of human had negatively impact on mammalian species worldwide (Dwyer, 1983; McNeill, 2000; McKinney, 2002; Njogu, 2004; Holway and Suarez, 2006; Altaf et al., 2018c). Mammalian diversity is very important educationally (Caro et al., 2003; Mendonça et al., 2018; Jahangeer et al., 2019), aesthetically (Lindemann-Matthies et al., 2010), economically Research Paper Open Access