East European Politics and
Societies and Cultures
Volume 34 Number 2
May 2020 505–528
© 2019 SAGE Publications 10.1177/0888325419837349
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Aspiring, Ambivalent,
Assertive: Bulgarian
Middle-Class Subjectivities
and Boundary Work
through Migration
Polina Manolova
Independent Researcher
This article investigates the subjectivities of a group of aspiring middle-class
Bulgarians and their boundary work in the context of their migrations to the United
Kingdom. Drawing on Lamont’s critique of Bourdieu’s theory on class formation and
reproduction, it shows how people from underprivileged social backgrounds can lay
claims to middleclassness by strategically drawing on cultural and moral markers of
distinction revolving around the notions of “civilization,” “culturedness,” and the
“West.” The adoption of such narratives and their enactment in the cultivation of
personal attributes, however, fails to guarantee full-fledged middle-class membership
for people who lack the necessary economic and social capital. Thus, boundary-
building becomes the key mechanism for negotiating ambivalent middle-class sub-
jectivities and rejecting objectively assigned positions in the social structure. The
article traces the emergence of ideal-type models of middle-class belonging since
1989, their adoption by aspirational middle-class people, and the boundary work and
self-differentiation by which they try to reassert their superior status both before dur-
ing and after their migrations to the UK. It concludes that the observed everyday
processes of group classification through the defining of and distancing from cul-
tural, moral, and racial “others” reproduces class antagonisms that preclude a more
critical understanding of the discontents of Bulgaria’s capitalist transition.
Keywords: postsocialism; migration; “the West”; middle-class subjectivities; bound-
ary work
Introduction
The emergence and proliferation of the so-called “new” middle class in global
peripheral localities has given rise to a renewed ethnographic interest in class sub-
jectivities. The penetration of the neoliberal variant of capitalist economic logics and
relations of production, exchange, and consumption into non-Western societies since
the 1980s has been the main impetus behind this dynamic.
1
Clustered around centres
of global capital, the new middle classes have been seen as the main beneficiaries of
837349EEP XX X 10.1177/0888325419837349East European Politics and SocietiesManolova / Aspiring, Ambivalent, Assertive
research-article 2019