IOSR Journal Of Pharmacy And Biological Sciences (IOSR-JPBS) e-ISSN:2278-3008, p-ISSN:2319-7676. Volume 15, Issue 2 Ser. III (Mar –Apr 2020), PP 37-43 www.Iosrjournals.Org DOI: 10.9790/3008-1502033743 www.iosrjournals.org 37 | Page Free-Living Ciliates in the Kolleru Lake, Andhra Pradesh Jyothula.Rambabu* 1 Gollu Srinivasa Rao 2 , Subrahmanyam.Ch 3 , Satyaveni Adireddy 3 , Govindarao Kuna 1 and G. Simhachalam 1 1. Department of Zoology and Aquaculture , Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur , A.P. India 2. Lecturer in Zoology, SN Govt. Junior college, Chebrole, Guntur, A.P., India 3. Department of Zoology, Andhra University, Vishakhapatnam , A.P. India Abstract: Water has curious and unusual properties, and plays an important role in living systems. Thus, "No life without water" is a common saying. Microorganisms get into natural waters from air, soil, sewage, organic wastes, dead plants and animals, etc. Thus almost any type of organisms may be found in water. For the present study water samples were collected regularly for a period of one year at random from the Kolleru Lake. Ciliates are well-known as water pollution indicators and the presence or absence of some ciliates can be interconnected to specific environmental surroundings. Growing environmental population and constant growth of new chemicals and drugs has led to ever-growing concern about the long-suffering effects of these compounds directly or indirectly on human health as concerns water pollution. Protozoan implies to be an excel tool to evaluate both toxicity and pollution. The present study is a great attention on the reuse of pollution. So, outcomes of the study can support to improve a better understanding of reuse alternatives for treated effluent and preparation of proper water resources management plants. Keywords: Microorganisms, Kolleru Lake, Protozoan, Ecosystems, Ciliates, Toxicity, & Pollution Indicators. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Date of Submission: 27-03-2020 Date of Acceptance: 15-04-2020 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- I. Introduction Freshwater Source Freshwater lakes remain abundant economic, ecological and cultural significance, through billions of people depend upon directly on lakes for drinking water, food and their livelihood. Lakes have more complicated and delicate ecosystems than rivers, as they do not have a self-cleaning tendency. More than half the world‟s five million lakes and reservoirs face huge ecological threats that are endangering the global environment, experts have warned Chourey (2001). India is no exception to the global scenario. Indian wetlands are not only the home of a wide variety of plants and animals but they also provide livelihood to thousands of communities with a wide spread of ecological services. Even though all these benefits from the wetlands, they have been mistreated and are habitually ignored. Wetlands suffer from over-exploitation, overuse of their resources, drainage, unconventional use and pollution. The Wildlife Institute of India‟s survey expose that at present, only 50% of India‟s wetlands remain. They are disappearing at a rate of 2% to 3% every year. The damage of one km 2 of wetlands in India will have much bigger impact than the damage of one km 2 of wetlands in low population areas of plentiful wetlands SACON, (2005a). Lakes are responsible for humankind by numerous services: water used for the purpose of drinking, irrigation, fish, and dilution of pollutants ( Postel and Carpenter, 1997). These facilities are decreased by mistreatment of lakes and their catchments lands. The objective of management should be to balance the usages of lakes with conservation methods to sustain ecosystem facilities over time, and keep the interests of the native sustenance communities. Focused research can provide understanding of lakes‟ ecological mechanisms that sustain ecosystem services; the reasons of dreadful conditions of lakes and their catchments, and can responsible for approaches technologies for lake restoration (Carpenter and Lathrop, 1999). II. Experimental Methods: STUDY AREA: Kolleru Lake is the largest freshwater lake and is located in Andhra Pradesh. Kolleru is located between Krishna and Godavari delta and covers an area of 308 km². The lake helps as a natural flood- balancing reservoir for these two rivers. The lake is nourished directly by water from the seasonal Budameru and Tammileru streams, and is connected to the Krishna and Godavari systems by over 68 inflowing drains and channels. It provides as a habitat for migratory birds. It supports the livelihood of fishermen and riparian population in the region. The lake was notified as a wildlife sanctuary in November 1999 under India's Wild