International Journal of Scientific Engineering and Science Volume 4, Issue 2, pp. 8-14, 2020. ISSN (Online): 2456-7361 8 http://ijses.com/ All rights reserved Energy Saving and Handover Decision Algorithm for Cellular Base Station Comunication Systems in Nigeria Yunusa M.A 1 , J.D Konni 2 , G.A Bakare 3 , G.N Jola 4 1,2,4 Department of Electrical Electronics Engineering, Federal Polytechnic Bauchi, Bauchi State, Nigeria 3 Department of Electrical Electronic Engineering, Abubakar Tafawa Belewa University Bauchi, Bauchi State Nigeria Corresponding Author: st.marfusemaya @ yahoo.com Abstract— The energy consumption at the base station accounts for more than 60% of the total energy consumption of the cellular network. Due to space time characteristics of the traffic, base station cannot allocate resources reasonably, which results in wasting energy consumption. In this research work we presented an Energy saving and hand over decision algorithm (ESHODA) which is based on load balancing in a heterogeneous network. All base station will continuously be in a state until there’s a change in the traffic. As the number of user equipment change the algorithm put to sleep base stations that are having less number of user and hand over users to nearby base station or back to the macro base thereby reducing the energy consumption at those site. As the traffic reduced further more of the pico base station were put to sleep mode as user allocated to them were less than average. This offers better energy saving at lower traffic. When the traffic begins to increase these pico base station will be turn back on to compliment the increase in interference due to traffic. The energy saving and hand over decision algorithm was implemented in Matrix Laboratory (MATLAB). The developed algorithm was compared with the relevant specification of the 3rdGeneration Partnership Project (3GPP) Always-on scheme. The results show that the developed sleep mode algorithm achieved an improvement of up to 75% and 50% in terms of energy savings for the pico cells at low and medium traffic, respectively. For the overall heterogeneous network, the improvements of 9.89% and 7.18% were achieved for low and medium traffic, respectively and quality of service was not affected. Keywords— Heterogeneous network, user equipment, pico eNodeB, micro eNodeB, configuration 1 I. INTRODUCTION Interaction between human beings and their environment has to do with the way we communicate with each other, the environment arround us and the outside world. Information and communication technology (ICT) systems consume upto 10% of the world energy accounting for about 2% of global CO 2 emmision. The grid power supply is a major concern in Nigeria and has affected telecom operations in terms of costs and reliability. More than half of the sites are off-grid and usually powered by diesel generators with huge operational expenditure (OPEX) (Lorincz et al. 2012). The remaining grid-connected sites suffer due to the poor quality of power supply and frequent outages lasting long hours. This has led to a heavy dependence on diesel generators for the grid connected sites as well such coverage alternations are expected to be performed gradually providing a smooth handover of user’s equipment’s (UEs) towards new cells avoiding sudden movements and eliminating outage. In addition to the poor grid power supply, Nigerian telecom tower operators face operation challenges. Site security, for example, is a major issue as there have been several cases of damage to tower assets across the country. This risk has hindered mobile network operators (MNOs) and Tower Companies from investing in green power alternatives for the network. Vandalization of equipment and fuel pilferage have affected the OPEX of telecom sites (Oyedepo, 2012). The lack of support from the government in providing policy guidelines and security to telecom infrastructure adds to the operational complexity and costs of running a telecom network in Nigeria. The energy crisis, which has engulfed Nigeria for almost two decades, has been enormous and has largely contributed to the incidence of poverty by paralyzing industrial and commercial activities during this period. The Council for Renewable Energy of Nigeria estimates that power outages brought about a loss of 126 billion naira (US$ 984.38 million) annually. Apart from the huge income loss, it has also resulted in health hazards due to the exposure to carbon emissions caused by constant use of ‘backyard generators’ in different households and business enterprises, due to unemployment, and high cost of living leading to a deterioration of living conditions (Oyedepo, 2014). The purpose of this reseach article is to see how to tackle the non load energy consumption proportionality of base station which are the major causes behind the substantial amount of energy wasteage in cellular access networks in nigeria, especially in the low traffic periods which can be of advantage (Ambrosy et al., 2012). The existing dynamic switching off/on energy saving algorithm of LTE cellular access network base station was develop using constant base station power consumption model. This leads to non-load- energy consuption proportionality of the base station which result to an increased energy consumtion at low traffic preiod (Zhinsheng et al., 2010). Consequently there is need to develop a robust dynamic energy saving algorithm for LTE mobile access networks that will incorporate the load- proportional power consumption model of base station and allowing all base station under a cluster coordinate with neighbouring base station to turn off/sleep the least loaded