Migration andTrade as drivers of Language Spread and Contact in Indigenous Latin America* Thiago Costa Chacon University of Brasilia thiagocostachacon@gmail.com (*Pre-publication draft from October 2019, To appear in The Cambridge Handbook of Language Contact, edited by Salikoko Mufwene and Anna María Escobar) 1. Introduction This chapter explores how language contact situations in Latin America have been dynamically created and changed by movements of peoples and the concurrent exchanges of commodities and ideas through space and time. I analyze major cases of migration and trade, focusing on three kinds of linguistic outcomes that are contact-based: language spread, the emergence of multilingualism, and the development of contact languages. The discussion is informed by the internal and external histories of indigenous languages of Latin America, from the initial peopling of the New World up to contemporary situations. The primary kind of information this chapter deals with comes from studies that bring a solid knowledge of language internal histories by the use of traditional methods in historical and contact linguistics. In addition, given that migration and trade are social processes in nature, some information is drawn from findings in archaeology, anthropology, human genetics, and history. The major language families and multilingual regions this chapter focuses on are given in their approximate locations in Map 1. 1 I start in §2 with providing a background on migration, trade and language contact in the Americas. Sections §3-7 deal with different multilingual regions and language families that are widespread in these areas. Some conclusions are presented in §8. 1 Point language locations where extracted from www.glottolog.org (Hammarström 2018). Polygons of language families were created by the use of a Voronoi algorithm in QGIS (QGIS Development Team 2018).