1 This is the author’s original version as submitted for review. For the final printed version see https://doi.org/10.1093/shm/hku035 Learning from the Common Folks. Academic Physicians and Medical Lay Culture in the 16th Century. Recent research in the social and cultural history of early modern medicine has highlighted the remarkable degree to which learned physicians and medical laypersons lived in a common medical cosmos, shared the same medical ideas, and trusted the same diagnostic and therapeutic practices. 1 Early modern physicians’ 1 As Doreen Evenden Nagy already concluded in in 1988, in her seminal work Popular Medicine in Seventeenth-Century England (Bowling Green: Bowling Green State University Popular Press, 1988), 52: ‘The majority of authors as well as the literate public perceived no distinct line between the “cures” which the doctors touted and those which were used by lay-practitioners or between those which had originated in an oral tradition and those which had come out of the so-called Galenical school.’ In the same year, Matthew Ramsey, Professional and Popular Medicine in France, 1770-1830. The Social World of Medical Practice (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988), in spite of the title of his book, could not make out a clear dividing line. Laurence W. B. Brockliss and Colin Jones, The Medical World of Early Modern France (Oxford: Clarendon, 1997), have arrived at a similar conclusion, explicitly so on page 16; as David Gentilcore, ‘Was There a “Popular