Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Energy Storage journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/est Tri-objective scheduling of residential smart electrical distribution grids with optimal joint of responsive loads with renewable energy sources Heydar Chamandoust a , Ghasem Derakhshan a, ⁎ , Seyed Mehdi Hakimi a , Salah Bahramara b a Department of Electrical Engineering, Damavand Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran b Department of Electrical Engineering, Sanandaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj, Iran ARTICLE INFO Keywords: Residential smart electrical distribution grid (RSEDG) Load factor Demand side management (DSM) Epsilon-constraint method Decision-making method ABSTRACT High penetration of renewable energy sources (RESs) and electrical energy storage (EES) systems in electrical distribution grids has changed the energy balance of distribution system operators (DSO). For this purpose, the energy scheduling problem of a Residential smart electrical distribution grid (RSEDG) with RESs and demand side management (DSM) is modeled as a tri-objective model consisting of: (1) minimization the operation cost, and emission pollutions in generation side; (2) minimization the loss of load expectation (LOLE) in demand side, and (3) minimization the deviation between the demand curve and output power of RESs. The third objective function is used as a DSM strategy to model the joint scheduling of RESs and the deferrable loads (DLs) where the DLs can be shifted regarding the output power of RESs to improve the load factor (LF). The uncertain behavior of the RESs are modeled using the stochastic optimization approach. The proposed model is solved using the epsilon-constraint method. Since the proposed approach has three objective functions; different Pareto solutions are obtained and the best solution is determined by the decision-making method. To investigate the effectiveness of the proposed method, it is applied on the 83-bus distribution grid and its results are compared for four cases studies. 1. Introduction Renewable energy sources (RESs) including wind turbines (WTs) and photovoltaic (PV) systems will be forecast to have important im- pacts on the supply side of the distribution networks in the future. Since the RESs have uncertain behavior, electrical energy storage (EES) sys- tems can be employed to meet the power balance of the distribution networks [1]. However, the EES systems have several problems in- cluding the low capacity, the high operation and maintenance cost, and the limitation of the number of cycle charging and discharging. Therefore, integration of RESs with EES systems increases the total operation cost of distribution system operator (DSO) regarding those problems [2, 3]. In residential smart electrical distribution grid (RSEDG), the DSO can use from the responsive loads as the generation sources to mitigate the operation challenges of the RESs. In RSEDGs the consumers are equipped with smart meters and there is a two-way flow of information between the DSO and the consumers [3]. This infra- structure facilitates the implementation of the demand side manage- ment (DSM) strategies where the DSO sends the incentive and penalty signals to the consumers regarding which they change their load con- sumptions [4, 5]. The DSM has diverse strategies including strategic load growth, load shifting, peak clipping, flexible load shape, valley filling and strategic conservation. These strategies can be used by the DSO regarding the different conditions of the distribution network [6]. Actually, the DSM strategies increase the load factor by changing the demand consumption in relation with the power generation of the distribution network. 1.1. Literature review and contributions Many researches have been done on the optimal operation of the distribution networks from different viewpoints. To increase the effi- ciency of the distribution networks, the DSM strategies have been used by the DSOs in the optimal scheduling problem of the resources. In [7] the joint scheduling of the EES with loads in residential-side using the optimal shifting of loads by Lyapunov optimization (LO) method is studied. The robust optimization with the distributed algorithm (DA) is used to minimize the net cost of the microgrids with high-penetration of RESs through optimal usage of DSM strategies [8]. In [9] the robust scheduling by the Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) to facilitate the high penetration of RESs in the presence of the EES systems is employed. The robust Markov decision process (RMDP) for the optimal charging of https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2019.101112 Received 20 September 2019; Received in revised form 27 October 2019; Accepted 24 November 2019 ⁎ Corresponding author. E-mail address: G.derakhshan.ac@gmail.com (G. Derakhshan). Journal of Energy Storage 27 (2020) 101112 2352-152X/ © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. T Downloaded from https://iranpaper.ir https://www.tarjomano.com/order