Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/seta Original article Day-ahead scheduling problem of smart micro-grid with high penetration of wind energy and demand side management strategies Heydar Chamandoust a, ⁎ , Salah Bahramara b , Ghasem Derakhshan a a Department of Electrical Engineering, Damavand Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran b Department of Electrical Engineering, Sanandaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj, Iran ARTICLEINFO Keywords: Demand Side Management (DSM) WT penetration Optimal coordination ε-constraint method Decision-making method ABSTRACT In this paper, the day-ahead scheduling problem of a smart microgrid (SMG) is modeled as a multi-objective function consisting of: i) minimizing the operation cost and the emission pollution in generation side ii) mini- mizing the load curtailment cost with the strategic conversion of curtailable loads (CLs) and iii) coordinating of shiftable loads (SLs) and the output power of wind turbines (WTs). The second and the third objectives present a new approach of Demand Side Management (DSM) strategies to improve the customer’s satisfaction (CS) and the WT penetration (WTP) using stimulation of customers to use their loads regarding the demand profle of the system. Also, the output power of WTs is considered as the stochastic model, and the participation of the SLs based on the availability of WTs output power are scheduled. To confrm the proposed approach, all objective functions are optimized by the ε-constraint approach in the GAMS optimization software and the best solution of the non-dominated Pareto solutions is selected using the decision-making method. To investigate the efec- tiveness of the proposed model, it is applied on a 24-node microgrid through four case studies. Introduction In many countries, the global warming and the greenhouse gases emission have been considered as the main critical environmental and social sustainability issues. The Kyoto Protocol has special impact on the electrical generation sectors to reduce the greenhouse gases [1].To decrease the emission pollution of the power systems in generation and distribution sections, demand side management (DSM) strategies and renewable generators (RGs) are proposed. The international organiza- tions are attempting in increasing the RGs penetration specially wind energy to meet the electrical energy demand with low emission pollu- tion [2]. Employing RGs are developing in power systems regarding their cheap and cleaner electricity generation. The wind energy has the most positive efective on the economic and the environmental issues in comparison with other renewable energy sources [3]. With the estab- lishment of smart grids in electricity industry and utilization of bidir- ectional communications between demand-side and supply, the new decision-making framework using the DSM strategies is prepared for the system operators in which they are enable to make optimal deci- sions using coordination between suppliers and consumers. The DSM strategies are employed to change the behavior of customers in re- sponse to energy market price or emergency conditions of the system. The smart microgrids (SMGs) are smart small-scale form of distribution networks, which they integrate non-renewable and re- newable sources to supply demand locally based on the optimal con- ditions. The SMGs play an important role in active distribution net- works since they meet the demand of the network locally which reduces the purchased power from the main grid, reduces the power losses, and increases the reliability indices. The SMG operator can use from DSM strategies in the day-ahead scheduling problem to solve its challenges including contingencies problems, the forecast errors of the output power of RGs, high emission production by fossil fuel resources, and high electrical energy price. The operators can interact with consumers using diferent DSM strategies including load shifting, strategic con- servation, fexible load shape, strategic load growth, fexible load shape and peak clipping [4]. The DSM strategies encourage customers to change their energy consumption pattern to minimize the total operation cost of the op- erator. These changes are including shifting load regarding the avail- ability of output power of RGs, curtailing loads according to the high energy price, and decreasing the utilization of fuel fossil sources to minimize the emission pollution and cost. Literature review and contributions Many studies are done on the optimal scheduling problem of the https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seta.2020.100747 Received 23 December 2019; Received in revised form 23 March 2020; Accepted 25 May 2020 ⁎ Corresponding author. E-mail address: H.chamandoust.ac@gmail.com (H. Chamandoust). Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments 40 (2020) 100747 2213-1388/ © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. T Downloaded from https://iranpaper.ir https://www.tarjomano.com/order