I.J. Wireless and Microwave Technologies, 2020, 4, 22-33
Published Online August 2020 in MECS (http://www.mecs-press.org/)
DOI: 10.5815/ijwmt.2020.04.03
Copyright © 2020 MECS I.J. Wireless and Microwave Technologies, 2020, 4, 22-33
Sagacious Communication Link Selection
Mechanism for Underwater Wireless Sensors
Network
Shahzad Ashraf
*1
, Sehrish Saleem
2
, Tauqeer Ahmed
1
1
College of Internet of Things Engineering, Hohai University, Changzhou Jiangsu, China
2
Muhammad Nawaz Sharif University of Engineering & Technology Multan Pakistan
Email: nfc.iet@hotmail.com
Received: 06 April 2020; Accepted: 13 May 2020; Published: 08 August 2020
Abstract: In underwater environment, the sensor nodes are deployed for collecting information and sending back to the
base station. Establishing astute communication link among these sensor nodes in a multi-link routing environment is a
key challenge for all underwater routing protocols. A sagacious communication link can only guarantee the maximum
data transfer rate. The link selection mechanism of three underwater routing protocol i.e, Energy-aware Opportunistic
Routing (EnOR) protocol, Shrewd Underwater Routing Synergy using Porous Energy Shell (SURS-PES) and
Underwater Shrewd Packet Flooding Mechanism (USPF) have been investigated. After analyzing performance results
of these protocols interms of packet delivery ratio, end-to-end delay, network lifespan and energy consumption using
NS2 with AquaSim 2.0 simulator. The protocol existing, with sagacious link selection mechanism in multi-link routing
environment has been identified. The identification of this sagacious link selection mechanism is a novel approach
which can give specific knowledge for targeted output without wasting resources for irrelevant objectives.
Index Terms: Flooding mechanism, underwater routing, link selection, sagacious link, sink node
1. Introduction
Rummaging for oceanic resource, the underwater wireless sensor network plays a demanding role in this regard. It
encompasses different varieties of sensor nodes according to the aquatic environment and meet the sensing data
objectives. The deployed sensor nodes are fabricated with Radio Frequency (RF) and acoustic modem, used for sensing
data related to atmosphere and unusual activities for instance, ocean and river pollution discovery, oil-and-
gas exploration, battlefield spying, building inspection, target-field imaging, disaster detection-and prevention,
submarine-targeting, detection-of atmospheric-conditions such-as change-in temperature,-light, sound-or the-existence
of-unlikely objects [1]. The sonobuoys (sinks) nodes float at upper water-surface and-responsible for-collecting related
data-from these nodes. The-underwater sensor network is only feasible with acoustic channel. The acoustic signals
operate at 1500-m/s which is less than the electromagnetic wave frequency in five order magnitudes [2]. The
performance of the underwater network depends heavily on the topology architectural style, that is controlled by a
selection mechanism for perfect embodiment deployed nodes which improves the probability of transmission to the
destination node.
There are numerous challenges hindering to UWSN, the low bandwidth with absurdly high channel error rate, the
transient route failure and weak channel multipaths, continue node displacement by 2-3-m/s at-water current [3]. Sound
speed-is viewed stable-in the underwater-environment. However, sound intensity is influenced by the temperature,
depth and salinity of the underwater ecosystem. These influences cause fluctuations in sound intensity in the underwater
environment [4]. Underwater acoustic channel frequency range, particularly in mid-frequencies, is commonly shared by
different acoustic users in underwater environments. Foremost, UWSN is facing an exorbitant energy wastage problem,
all nodes are battery dependent and no mechanism has explored yet for replacement or charging. Therefore, in order to
confine the energy wastage and utilizing the batteries potency efficiently, it is the only way to design a shrewd
underwater routing protocols that should select the best and shorted rout between source and destination node [5].
The traditional terrestrial routing protocols are not well fitted in underwater environment. The optical and radio
frequency interactions in such networks are generally deemed infeasible because optical signals suffer from extreme
interference, while high-energy radio signals are easily absorbed due to high attenuation [6]. Establishing a
communication link among deployed underwater nodes is major task of every underwater routing protocol and indeed it
is a backbone of the routing mechanism. An underwater sensor network operates in multi-hop environment and thereby