Universal Journal of Educational Research 8(5): 1953-1963, 2020 http://www.hrpub.org
DOI: 10.13189/ujer.2020.080532
The Development of International Education towards
Migration Abroad by Indonesian Women
Muhammad Zid
1,*
, Asep Rudi Casmana
2
, Sony Nugratama Hijrawadi
1
1
Department of Geography Education, Faculty of Social Science, Universitas Negeri Jakarta, Indonesia
2
Department of Pancasila and Citizenship Education, Faculty of Social Science, Universitas Negeri Jakarta, Indonesia
Received February 22, 2020; Revised March 28, 2020; Accepted April 19, 2020
Copyright©2020 by authors, all rights reserved. Authors agree that this article remains permanently open access under
the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 International License
Abstract The study aimed to determine the degree of
empowerment education towards ex-migrant women in the
economic field, to explore the use of remittance sent by
emigrant women to their families, and to identify the role
of ex-migrant women to educate the community. A
mixed-method research approach was used to obtain
comprehensive information with questionnaire and
in-depth interview with 45 participants. The research was
undertaken in Subang, West Java, Indonesia, which was
chosen due to the large number of Indonesian workers. The
results of the study showed that women, who have
migrated overseas for work, obtained a lot of international
education experience, especially in terms of economic
empowerment, and as a result were able to undertake
economic activities upon returning to their home, such as
opening a small food stall, and working in small to medium
enterprises making and selling handicrafts as well as
teaching Arabic language. The research also showed that
the use of remittance by the families of ex-migrant women
generally takes the form of material (economic) for
day-to-day need, tuition fee and investment. The research
concluded that ex-migrant women appear to gain
international education experience, economic and social
empowerment and have a willingness to educate and share
their experience in community activities such as mutual
cooperation, social gathering, and also in Posyandu (local
health center) activities. Continuous investment in skills
has not been done entirely by ex-migrant women. The
results of working abroad are still used to meet daily needs.
Keywords Ex-Migrants, International Education
Experience, Empowerment of Women, Remittances
1. Introduction
Migration is considered to be the act of people to move
from one area to others and it could be moving across the
country. Usually, it takes place from people leaving in
developing countries and move to developed nations
(Hamano, 2014). They leave their home countries
including their families for some purposes, but mostly it is
due to financial reasons (Kageyama, 2008; Kelman &
Khan, 2012). Also, they intend to gain an international
education experience abroad. Researchers from sociology,
demography, economics, geography and anthropology
disciplines have studied many aspects of migration, which
conclude that people migrate from one place to other
countries are to fulfil their economic needs (Liang, Li, &
Ma, 2013). Then, according to Sinha, Jha and Negi (2012),
women’s empowerment is emerging as an important
indicator of the development of a society, as well as an
indicator of the status of women in that society (Sinha, Jha,
& Negi, 2012). As such, the woman migration has been
considered to be the trend for people living in developing
nations.
Several developing countries are trying to move from
home countries to other nations due to financial need
(Ackah & Medvedev, 2012). In Bangladesh, international
migration is considered a male preserve, with women’s
migration restricted to a small minority within the
professional classes (Blanchet & Watson, 2019). It means
that international migration is only carried out by male
because females in Bangladesh find difficulty to migrate.
Furthermore, in a study of Japanese women migrants to
Australia, Hamano (2014) concluded that migrants
undergo some form of downward social mobility in the
course of settling in a new country (Hamano, 2014).
Although there could be plenty of reasons why people
migrate to other countries, generally they need to fulfil
their daily needs and specially to face their financial issues.
As a result, it probably can be said that the main purpose of
migration from area to other countries is to get financial
needs.
When it comes to Indonesia, women's emigration is a
CITE THIS PAPER
[1] Muhammad Zid , Asep Rudi Casmana , Sony Nugratama Hijrawadi , "The Development of International Education towards
Migration Abroad by Indonesian Women," Universal Journal of Educational Research, Vol. 8, No. 5, pp. 1953 - 1963, 2020.
DOI: 10.13189/ujer.2020.080532.